Motor Control and Sensory-Motor Integration: Issues and Directions (Advances in Psychology)

Motor Control and Sensory Motor Integration. Issues and Directions. Edited by Denis J. Glencross, Jan P. Piek. Volume , Pages ().
Table of contents

There were two practice trials at the beginning of each new target configuration and task type without concurrent v with concurrent task ; subsequently, two error free trials were obtained. In total there were 32 trials, 16 with and 16 without the concurrent task. Hand left hand beginning on left, or right hand beginning on right , target configuration small targets-short strokes, small targets-large strokes, large targets-small strokes, large targets-large strokes , and task type without concurrent task, with concurrent task for each target configuration were counterbalanced across subjects.

Horizontal and vertical vector components were obtained for each movement, although only the vertical components were analysed as movements were primarily along the vertical axis. The data were filtered low pass, 10 Hz cut off using a recursive, dual pass, second order Butterworth filter. Secondly, displacement data were differentiated using a nine point central finite differences algorithm to obtain velocity and acceleration functions for each trial.

Automatic algorithms were then used to calculate movement accuracy and to determine kinematic features of the movement such as duration, peak velocity, and force inefficiency functions. Accuracy of stroke end points, in relation to the target centre, was calculated in mm for each target and then averaged.

Motor control and sensory motor integration : issues and directions

The accuracy measure represented the average distance in mm from the stroke end point to the target centre, independent of direction. This was determined to ensure consistency in the accuracy of end point strokes made by the two subject groups. Movement time reflected the average time in ms per stroke, averaged over the entire trial 12 strokes. Measures of stroke kinematics such as peak velocity and force inefficiency were also calculated.

The force inefficiency index was calculated by dividing the number of zero crossings in the accelerative function by the number of zero crossings in the velocity function. This measure therefore represented the average number of changes from acceleration to deceleration per submovement; thus the greater the value of the inefficiency index the more inefficient the movement.

All measures were averaged over two trials per target configuration. No main effects or interactions approached significance. All participants were equally accurate in movement end points regardless of target size large, small and stroke length long, short. Numbers overall were insufficient for statistical analysis. Seven out of 12 patients were depressed five non-depressed , and five were medicated seven unmedicated.

A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted for each patient group according to their depression or medication status, and only for the force inefficiency index which had yielded the most interesting results above. The findings can be summarised as follows: The practised right hand of controls was less force efficient with long strokes and more force efficient with short strokes, indicating a greater sensitivity to stroke length than the left hand. The right hand in controls was more subject to movement changes in acceleration and deceleration profiles and in this way may be seen to be less force efficient with the long strokes.

It has been previously determined that in rapid movement tasks, such as aiming, the right hand tends to show superiorities over the left. Carson 44 45 claims that observable asymmetries in a given task may appear as a vector representing different contributions from the two specialised hemispheres. With a verbal concurrent task which has greater left hemispheric involvement , we may expect a right hand decrement in manual performance.

Note, however, that Yazgan et al 12 in their experiment only assessed movement time as their performance measure. Despite the reversals in functional asymmetries between the two groups, the concurrent task, contrary to what has been previously reported, seems not to have disrupted right hand performance. Previous concurrent task research, however, has employed finger tapping rate or consistency as the primary motor task, rather than, as in this study, target acquisition under visual guidance with kinematic indices as dependent variables.

In any case, it has been previously reported that involuntary tics can be partially suppressed during voluntary action. In fact, the concurrent task had more of an impact on the force efficiency of the left hand in controls. Because the right hemisphere plays less of a verbal part, reduced competition for processing resources between the two tasks in that hemisphere may help to explain left hand superiorities in controls.

Evidence of altered functional asymmetries are further documented in movement execution. Controls seem better able to take advantage of right hand superiorities when executing short, precise strokes. By instructing subjects to allocate equal attentional emphasis to both tasks, we attempted to reduce the possibility of subjects adopting the strategy of greater concentration on the motor task.

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It will be recalled that the concurrent task was equated in digit span for the two groups, even though it was found, when performed in isolation in the pilot study, to be considerably more difficult for the patients; this was later reflected in group differences in the digit span error rate. Although all subjects were instructed to allocate equal attention to both tasks, it is nevertheless possible that patients still chose to attend more to the motor tasks.

If so, this would itself be a finding of some interest. The basal ganglia are conceived as performing a filter function, 51 selecting requisite movement synergies, and selecting out, or inhibiting, unwanted response sequences. However, higher doses, or penetrance, may be associated with clinical symptoms that so characterise the disorder. Sacks 52 also describes a man of remarkable intellect who found his disorder to be advantageous in some respects.

Firstly, patients may have directed more attention toward the motor task and consequently made more errors on the digit span task.


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A second alternative is that patients directed less attention to the motor task because the digit span was more difficult and demanded more attention; the motor task may then have improved, perhaps because it was run at a more automatic level. Thus patients may attend more to their own movements than to other ongoing activities. We gratefully acknowledge the help and cooperation of the Victorian Tourette Syndrome Association, and all the subjects who so willingly participated.

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Latest content Current issue Archive Authors About. Log in via Institution. View inline View popup. Figure 1 Illustrations for each of the four target configurations. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 5: Am J Hum Genet Devor EJ Brief communication: N Engl J Med Br J Psychiatry J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Exp Brain Res Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry Mov Disord in press. How Consciousness - download pdf or read online. The writer proposes a conception of the advance of attention during which ego is the vital agent of socialization and tradition and the driver in the back of person strength of will and self-regulation.

He stories the literature on identification and narrative; outlines the fields of highbrow, self, ethical, and recognition improvement; and discusses the facts indicating that the improvement of realization trancends the constraints of traditional ego improvement.

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