Manual Astract Underwater Art: Book E211 (Abstract Underwater Art)

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Data Availability The following information was supplied regarding data availability:. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List PeerJ v. Published online Sep 5.

Kara C. Hoover 1 and J. Colette Berbesque 2. Colette Berbesque.


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Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Hoover: ude.


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Received Mar 14; Accepted Aug 9. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. Associated Data Supplementary Materials Figure S1: Boxplot of calcaneus load arm raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the calcaneus load arm represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

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Figure S2: Boxplot of calcaneus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the calcaneus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S3: Boxplot of talus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the talus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S4: Boxplot of trochlear of the talus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the trochlea of the talus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Figure S5: Boxplot of intermediate cuneiform raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the intermediate cuneiform represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S6: Boxplot of capitate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the capitate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Figure S7: Boxplot of hamate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the hamate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S8: Boxplot of lunate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the lunate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Figure S9: Boxplot of scaphoid raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex A Each data point for the scaphoid represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Early Holocene morphological variation in hunter-gatherer hands and feet

Supplemental Information 1: Supplementary Tables. Abstract Background The Windover mortuary pond dates to the Early Archaic period 6,—5, years ago and constitutes one of the earliest archaeological sites with intact and well-preserved human remains in North America. Methods We took length and width measurements on four carpal bones, four tarsal bones, and load-bearing tarsal areas calcaneus load arm, trochlea of the talus.

Results We identified no significant between-sex differences in rear and midfoot areas, suggesting similar biomechanical stresses. Discussion The lack evidence for footedness was expected due its minimal impact on walking gait but the lack of evidence for handedness was surprising given that ethnographic studies have shown strong handedness in hunter-gatherers during tool and goods manufacture. Aims The focus of this paper is to explore whether or not logistical mobility and domestic economies subsistence and tool manufacture are archaeologically visible in the feet tarsals and hands carpals and, if so, whether or not they reflect a sex-based division of labor.

Windover patterns The Windover bog, used seasonally for burials, was strategically located between the Indian River coastal lagoon system and the St. Domestic economies and activity reconstruction General hunter-gatherer patterns Domestic economies include subsistence activities and tool manufacture which supports subsistence activities. Windover patterns Subsistence economies Paleodietary analysis from carbon and nitrogen bone-collagen values and archaeobotanical information suggest exploitation of riparian river-based resources rather than the more common Florida Archaic use of marine mammals or terrestrial fauna such as deer or rabbit Tuross et al.

Activity reconstruction DJD at Windover has been analyzed in two separate studies Smith, ; Wentz, , each using different but standard published methods. Research questions Mobility 1. Methods Raw data collection and variables Carpal and tarsal bones with standard anatomical reference points intact were included only from adults who had well-defined features used in sex assessment given the focus on sex-based morphological variation.

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Table 1 Description of measurements on carpal and tarsal bones. Open in a separate window. Size difference data and directional asymmetry analysis Directional asymmetry is assessed by comparing side differences here, selected right and left hand and foot bones. Bone functional adaptation, index data and analysis As discussed previously, bone functional adaptation in response to biomechanical forces can be assessed by bone width as a proxy for relative bone strength Garn, ; Rauch, The index is derived from the natural log log n of the absolute value of length-to-width ratio L:W for each trait x log n x L : W.

Figure 1. Boxplot of navicular raw length and width measurements by sex A ; Boxplot of navicular index values by sex B. Ratio value Index value Calcaneus Load Arm 0. Table 3 Univariate results from GLM for tarsal variables. Figure 2. Boxplot of weight-bearing tarsal variables talus, calcaneus by sex. Figure 3. Boxplot of shock-absorbing tarsal variables navicular, intermediate cuneiform by sex.

Table 4 Univariate results from GLM for carpal variables. Discussion Archaeological data reconstructing the environment surrounding the mortuary pond suggest that the larger region was rich with riparian and terrestrial resources due to climate warming at the start of the Early Archaic.

Tarsal variation Based on previous analysis, we speculated whether the biomechanical stress of load carrying might influence bone functional adaptation in the tarsals. Foot lateralization Despite evidence suggesting footedness would not be visible in the archaeological record Zverev, , bioarchaeological evidence suggested there might be—namely, lateralization in the lower limbs might have resulted in lateralization of tarsal bones with the dominant foot having larger mid foot widths due to biomechanical pressure to strengthen the bone during impact or rear foot widths due to biomechanical pressure to strengthen the bone during weight-bearing.

Carpal variation We postulated we would find between-sex differences in carpal bones due to increased hand trauma Wentz, and cervical vertebra DJD in females possibly linked to food and textile processing activities Adovasio et al. Hand lateralization Our final area of inquiry was whether there was any evidence for lateralization in the carpal bones; this was based on previous research that suggested that hunter-gatherers exhibit strong handedness when engaged in complex tasks Cavanagh et al.

Conclusion This paper explores the biomechanical stresses acting on bone functional morphology in carpal and tarsal bones as a novel method of identifying the embodiment of logistical mobility and domestic economies subsistence and tool manufacture. Supplemental Information Figure S1 Boxplot of calcaneus load arm raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the calcaneus load arm represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Click here for additional data file. Figure S2 Boxplot of calcaneus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the calcaneus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S3 Boxplot of talus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the talus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Figure S4 Boxplot of trochlear of the talus raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the trochlea of the talus represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S5 Boxplot of intermediate cuneiform raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the intermediate cuneiform represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

Figure S6 Boxplot of capitate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the capitate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S7 Boxplot of hamate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the hamate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately.

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Figure S8 Boxplot of lunate raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the lunate represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Figure S9 Boxplot of scaphoid raw length and width measurements by sex and index values by sex: A Each data point for the scaphoid represents an individual length shaded boxplot or width value unshaded boxplot ; males and females are displayed separately. Supplemental Information 1 Supplementary Tables: Click here for additional data file.

Acknowledgments We wish to acknowledge Dr. Funding Statement The authors received no funding for this work. Perishable industries from the Windover Bog: an unexpected window into the Florida Archaic.

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North American Archaeologist. The invisible sex: uncovering the true roles of women in prehistory. Harper-Collins e-books; New York: Bailey Bailey H. A method of determining warmth and temperateness of climate. Geografiska Annaler. Bentley Bentley GR. Hunter-gatherer energetics and fertility: a reassessment of the! Human Ecology. Brief communication: physiological stress in the Florida Archaic-enamel hypoplasia and patterns of developmental insult in early North American hunter-gatherers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Frequency and developmental timing of linear enamel hypoplasia defects in early Archaic Texan hunter-gatherers.

Sex differences in Hadza hunter-gatherer dental wear: a preliminary report.