Pyramid

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. As of November , sources cite either or as the number of.
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One of the stones in Campbell's Chamber bears a mark, apparently the name of a work gang. The only object in the King's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken. The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage, which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place. Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber, the sarcophagus is roughly finished, with saw-marks visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period.

Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead. Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD by Caliph al-Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram.

It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden.

The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.

On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids, popularly known as the Queens' Pyramids. Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.

The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre — BC and Menkaure — BC.

In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived, Lehner suggested the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries.

The Pharaoh in Egyptian Society

In the early s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement. There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled.

In May , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years.

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The result is a cedar-wood boat During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until when excavation began on the boat. Although succeeding pyramids were smaller, pyramid-building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Brier and Hobbs claim, "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings , began. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid "a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations".

Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had "almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored.

He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Egyptian pyramid construction techniques. The Pyramids of Egypt.


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Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. Supreme Council of Antiquities. Retrieved 21 October Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Geometry in Art and Architecture. Chronicle of the Pharaohs. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt. Archived from the original PDF on 29 January Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza.

The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. Lightbody, David I Oakes, Lorana; Lucia Gahlin Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Guide to the pyramids of Egypt; preface by Zahi Hawass.

How a lost civilization was rediscovered. Their Archaeology and History. Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui. Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura. Journal of Mathematics and the Arts. Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry. Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex. Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World film. Retrieved from " https: Views Read View source View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons.

This page was last edited on 27 August , at But doing something different, or using something better, leads to the dreaded "fighting the framework". Pyramid starts from a very small base, providing many high-quality choices. The Pyramid team has been doing ambitious Python web frameworks since We have built small systems and huge systems.

From this, we delight in helping others who appreciate quality and dream big. Pyramid is written in Python. All the features you know and love in the Python language, such as function decorators, are available to Pyramid developers.


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Here we show the function named home that returns a response. A test which returns True or False , and which narrows the set of circumstances in which views or routes may be called. Convert non-response return values that are later consumed by renderers. Using a renderer can make writing views that require templating or other serialization, like JSON , less tedious. Allows specifying the location of assets in a package. Here the asset is specified as a Jinja2 template home. An event is an object broadcast at interesting points during the lifetime of an application.

A subscriber to an event allows you to run some code, such as resizing an uploaded image, sending email, or sending a message to a remote system. Here the decorated subscriber will be called for more than one event type, specifically for every new request and response objects.

Great Pyramid of Giza

Projects with ambition start small but finish big and must stay finished. When You Need Pyramid. Start Small Getting started quickly and simply is a key attraction of lightweight frameworks. Start as a single-file module with little first-hour complexity Use a convenient scaffold to generate a sample project with your combination of subsystems Choose from a variety of templating, database, security solutions and more using the quality and convenience of Pyramid's add-on system Tap into a variety of high-quality documentation for evaluating, trying out, or doing advanced development with Pyramid Ask the growing Pyramid community for tips and successes.

Welcome to Pyramid, a Python Web Framework

Finish Big Ambitious projects aspire to grow big without losing their dignity. Include and configure Pyramid add-ons inside your application Override and customize core code and add-ons from the outside, without forking Build and deliver re-usable subsystems inside and outside our organization Less magic by forgoing globals and import side-effects Use the configuration system to keep your wiring separate from your code Numerous extension facilities built into the framework Use Pyramid as a "framework framework" to craft your own special-purpose, domain-specific web system Gain insight from our long-standing culture of systems that organically get big.

Stay Finished Pyramid's simple first hour helps you get started and its extensability helps you finish your ambitions. Supports Your Decisions Full-stack frameworks provide built-in value by telling you what to do. Don't waste time fighting the framework's decisions "Only pay for what you eat" means less magic to live with in production No bundled templating system but instead, three very high-quality add-ons for Chameleon , Jinja2 and Mako Several form systems covering most of the common design tastes Choose your database, with add-on support for SQLAlchemy and others.

Craftsmanship with seriousness of purpose and honesty From the start, a deep commitment to quality Builders of the first open source application server Bootstrapper of the PSF and member of its first board Support letting quality artisans add real value by quickly but durably making specific experiences. Function Decorators Pyramid is written in Python. Predicates A test which returns True or False , and which narrows the set of circumstances in which views or routes may be called.

Renderers Convert non-response return values that are later consumed by renderers.