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- Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design
- Power System Design Applications for Alternative Energy Sources - Khalil Denno - Google Книги
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For Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3. To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows:.
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you will be using at one time. In case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current during starting. For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days.
- All For One.
- Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems.
- Schattenreiter (German Edition).
To find out the size of battery, calculate as follows:. The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle the current from PV array. For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration series or parallel configuration.
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit current Isc of the PV array, and multiply it by 1. Basics of Solar Cell.
Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design
Advantages of Solar Power. Basics of Surge Protector. Choosing a Surge Protector. Major system components Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according to your system type, site location and applications. Solar PV system sizing 1. Determine power consumption demands The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows: To determine the sizing of PV modules, calculate as follows: Also, many renewable energy systems can have slow startup times and can be slow to respond to higher power needs.
Therefore, systems usually have to be designed to compensate for high or intermittent power requirements. Power converters can be used to regulate the amount of power flowing through a circuit.
Power System Design Applications for Alternative Energy Sources - Khalil Denno - Google Книги
Figure 1 shows a general schematic with a fuel cell that illustrates the power electronics component as a key element in the fuel cell system. Most renewable energy technologies only provide a certain voltage and current density depending upon the load to the power converter. The power converter must then adjust the voltage available from the fuel cell to a voltage high enough to operate the load.
As shown in Figure 2, a DC-DC boost converter is required to boost the voltage level for the inverter. This boost converter, in addition to boosting the fuel cell voltage, also regulates the inverter input voltage and isolates the low and high voltage circuits. An example of a hybrid power system is shown in Figure 3. A rechargeable lithium-ion battery can be located inside the fuel cell unit to maintain the microcontroller in a low-power standby or programmed-timer sleep state for several days.
The battery will also enable immediate system startup and power during system shutdown. The battery will be automatically charged whenever the fuel cell is running. The internal battery charging circuit will stop charging the Li-ion battery once it has reached a certain voltage or has been charged for a specific amount of time. The two basic power electronics areas that need to be addressed in renewable energy applications are power regulation and inverters.
The electrical power output of fuel cells, solar cells, and wind turbines are not constant. Multilevel converters are of interest in the distributed energy resources area because several batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and wind turbines can be connected through a multilevel converter to feed a load or grid without voltage-balancing issues.
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The general function of the multilevel inverter is to create a desired AC voltage from several levels of DC voltages. For this reason, multilevel inverters are ideal for connecting an AC grid either in series or parallel with renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics or fuel cells or with energy storage devices such as capacitors or batteries.
Multilevel converters also have lower switching frequencies than traditional converters, which results in reduced switching losses and increased efficiency. Advances in fuel cell technology require similar advances in power converter technology.
By considering power conversion design parameters early in the overall system design, a small, inexpensive converter can be built to accompany a reasonably sized solar panel, wind turbine or fuel cell for high system power and energy density. A DC-to-DC converter is used to regulate the voltage because the output of a renewable energy system varies with the load current.
Many fuel cell and solar cell systems are designed for a lower voltage; therefore, a DC-DC boost converter is often used to increase the voltage to higher levels. A converter is required for these renewable energy systems because the voltage varies with the power that is required. A typical fuel cell drops from 1. Consequently, a converter will have to work with a wide range of input voltages. DC-to-DC converters are important in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers where batteries are used.
These types of electronic devices often contain several subcircuits, that each has its voltage level requirement that is different than supplied by the battery or an external supply. Figure 4 shows an example of a DC-to-DC converter device. Renewable energy can be used in both homes and businesses as the main power source. These energy systems will have to connect to the AC grid. The renewable energy system output will also need to be converted to AC in some grid-independent systems. An inverter can be used to accomplish this.
The resulting AC current can be at the required voltage and frequency for use with the appropriate transformers and control circuits. Inverters are used in many applications from switching power supplies in computers to high voltage direct current applications that supply bulk power.
Inverters are commonly used to apply AC power from DC sources such as fuel cells, solar panels, and batteries.