Manual Eyes of the Ocean Too

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They had their eyes wide open, fishing for clams, shells and sea She wasn't able to test many adults as they were too shy, but she is certain.
Table of contents

This is why submersibles like Alvin have a thick titanium pressure sphere where the pilot and observers sit- so they do not feel the tons of pressure as they descend into the deep ocean. Most underwater organisms do not have any air spaces. They are made up of entirely liquid or solid material, so are not affected by pressure in these spaces. However, this poses a problem for animals that move around in the water column, how can an animal go down to meters and return to meters, or the ocean surface, without gravity making them too heavy to swim upwards?

Whales dive routinely to very deep depths. They do so by taking great gulps of air through their blow holes when they're at the surface. This air moves into the lungs, but as the whale dives deeper the pressure forces air into special sinuses filled with fatty oils. The air mixes up with these oils making an emulsion, so that it cannot be crushed. Sharks and rays are neutrally buoyant because they have large oily livers that float and soft watery flesh that sink.

This means they can make their bodies heavier if they want to go down, or lighter if they want to swim up.


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In the deep-sea species Coryphaenoides, the Grenadier fish, there is both a large swim bladder, and a large oily liver. This makes them particularly good at going between different depths. The lack of food can a big problem for animals living in the deep-sea. In the surface waters, marine plants called phytoplankton use the sunlight to grow by photosynthesis. This is the primary source of food for many animals that live on or near the surface.

Giant, Weird-Looking Fish With 'Startled' Eyes Washes Up on Aussie Beach | Live Science

As plankton dies, it sinks and becomes food for animals that live deeper in the water column. This is because the number of animals that live in the surface waters is high, and so much of the food is used up before it has a chance to sink into the deep ocean. Many organisms are scavengers. They make use of the meager resources that reach these depths, such as whale carcasses, fish excreta, and dead surface plankton blooms.

With every expedition, more species are being discovered.


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    7. Yet many great mysteries still exist. Species once thought extinct have been found alive the coelacanth fish is one example. Still other species have yet to be found alive like the giant squid, arch. As technology improves, it will allow us to more closely observe deep-sea animals for longer periods of time and certainly teach us even more about the great and wonderful adaptations that have evolved in the world's oceans.

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    Diagram on left shows how the ocean is divided into different depth categories. Diagram on the right shows how deep the different colors of light penetrate into the ocean. They come in a variety of colors including bubble gum pink , and some feed on tiny plankton while others prefer larger fish and squids. They are found in just about every kind of ocean habitat, including the deep sea, open ocean, coral reefs, and under the Arctic ice. Sharks and their relatives were the first vertebrate predators, and their prowess, honed over millions of years of evolution, allows them to hunt as top predators and keep ecosystems in balance.

    But sharks are in trouble around the world. Rising demand for shark fins to make shark fin soup, an Asian delicacy, has resulted in increased shark fishing worldwide; an estimated million sharks are killed by fisheries every year. Sharks are accidentally caught in nets or on long line fishing gear. And because of needless fear spurred on by films such as Jaws, the instinct for some is to hurt or kill sharks that come near—such as the controversial shark culling in Australia. This is despite the fact that you are more likely to be killed by a lightning strike than bitten by a shark, and more likely to be killed by a dog attack than a shark attack.

    Combined, these actions have decreased many shark populations by 90 percent since large-scale fishing began. All of this puts these incredible animals—and the ecosystems in which they play a role—in jeopardy. To protect them, communities and companies around the world are enacting science-based fisheries management policies, setting up shark sanctuaries, and banning the practice of shark finning and the trade of shark fins. No matter their size, all sharks have similar anatomy.

    Like other elasmobranchs a subclass of animals that also includes rays and skates , sharks have skeletons made of cartilage—the hard but flexible material that makes up human noses and ears. This is a defining feature of elasmobranchs, as most fish have skeletons made of bone. Cartilage is much lighter than bone, which allows sharks to stay afloat and swim long distances while using less energy. Every shark also has several rows of teeth lining its jaws. Unlike people, which have a limited number of teeth in their lifetime, sharks are constantly shedding their teeth and replacing them with new ones.

    A shark can lose and replace thousands of teeth in its lifetime! Not all shark teeth are the same, however. Some have pointed teeth for grabbing fish out of the water. Others have razor-sharp teeth for biting off chunks of prey, allowing them to attack and eat larger animals than bony fishes of the same size.

    Sharks that eat shellfish have flatter teeth for breaking shells. Another defining feature of sharks is their array of gill slits.

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    Unlike bony fishes, which have one gill slit on each side of their bodies, most sharks have five slits on both sides that open individually and some shark species have six or seven. The gills extract oxygen from the seawater, after which the water is expelled through the gill slits behind its head. This is called buccal pumping and is used by many sharks that spend their time sitting still on the seafloor like nurse sharks Ginglymostoma cirratum , angel sharks Squatina sp.

    But some sharks are unable to pump water this way and, if they stop pushing water into their mouths by swimming, will suffocate. These sharks include the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias , mako shark Isurus sp. Over many millions of years of evolution, sharks have become some of the speediest swimmers in the ocean thanks to several adaptations. The first is their unique skin, which is made up of millions of small v-shaped placoid scales, also called dermal denticles.

    The denticles look more like teeth than typical fish scales and allow water to flow smoothly past the skin, reducing friction and increasing their swimming efficiency. Swimsuit designers have even taken a page from the shark, creating a fabric that mimics the design of shark denticles to improve human swim times.

    Whether or not that actually helps people swim faster is up for debate. Many shark species known for speed also have slim, torpedo-shaped heads, like the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias and the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus , which is the fastest known shark. It can swim 25 miles per hour at a regular pace and reach 46 miles per hour in quick bursts that allow it to fly into the air. Sharks gain additional speed by stiffening their tail while swinging it back and forth.

    Discussion

    Bony fish maintain their position in the water column with the help of a swim bladder—a gas-filled organ in their body that allows them to stay neutrally buoyant. A shark's lightweight skeleton allows it to put more energy into swimming and use dynamic lift to maintain its place in the water.

    Sharks have six highly refined senses for both hunting and communication: vision, taste, smell, hearing, touch and electro-reception. These finely honed senses coupled with sleek, torpedo-shaped bodies make most sharks highly skilled hunters. The structure of shark eyes is remarkably similarly to our own. Like ours, the pupils of many shark species change size in response to varying levels of light.

    They have rods, which sense light and darkness, and most have cones, which allow them to see color and details. Some sharks have no or few cones , making them colorblind. Like a human eye, a shark eye has a cornea, lens, pupil and iris. Unlike us and more like cats, sharks have a layer of mirrored crystals behind their retinas called the tapetum lucidum. This layer allows them to see better in dark and cloudy waters, in the deep sea or at night.

    But within that basic plan, there is a wide range of seeing ability among shark species. Some have large eyes, such as the bigeye thresher shark Alopias superciliosus , with eyes six centimeters in diameter. Other sharks have very small ones, like the one-centimeter diameter eyes of the brownbanded bamboo shark Chiloscyllium punctatum. Many sharks that stay near the surface have evolved to hunt in the sunlight and rely on their vision more than other senses, so have large eyes.

    Some deep-sea sharks also have big eyes to pick up faint traces of light down in the darkness—but their eyes are loaded with light-sensing rods and have fewer color-sensing cones. Researchers also have found that bioluminescent deep-sea sharks have a higher density of rods in their eyes than their non-bioluminescent counterparts, allowing them to see more details in the dark water when bioluminescence is present.

    Sharks that live in shallow water on the seafloor often have the smallest eyes because floating sediment kicked up from the bottom blocks their vision. These animals instead rely on senses like smell and electroreception over vision. Lastly, sharks that hunt fast-moving prey like fish and squids have bigger eyes and presumably better eyesight than those that eat non-moving prey. In addition, some species have a clear membrane the nictitating membrane , which slides down to protect the eye in dicey situations.

    Taste buds that line the mouth and throat allow them to taste their food before they make the commitment to swallow. This helps them avoid dangerous prey items, which might have a bad taste. Instead they have a small piece of cartilage on the floor of their mouth called a basihyal that lacks taste buds. But the cookie-cutter shark Isistius brasiliensis uses its basihyal to rip small chunks of flesh from fish and other animals. Sharks have truly remarkable noses.

    As they swim, water passes into their nostrils and across sensory cells lining the skin inside. These sensory cells are able to detect relatively small amounts of a chemical signal in the water.


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    Just like we can tell where a sound is coming from depending on which ear the sound waves hit first, sharks can tell where a smell is coming from depending on which nostril the smell hits first. Now those are some impressive nostrils! Sharks have two small openings on their head behind and above their eyes that lead to internal ears.

    There, sensitive cells allow sharks to hear low-frequency sounds and to pick up on possible prey swimming and splashing in their range. Instead, like other fish, a shark has a lateral line running along the middle of its body from head to tail.