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Asthma is a serious chronic disease of the lungs that is caused by swelling in the airways. There is Know when and how to use your medications. Take them.
Table of contents
- What Is Asthma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
- Research for Your Health
- How to Tell You Have Asthma - Asthma Canada
However, asthma is often the result of a strong response of the immune system to an allergen in the environment. For example, exposure to an allergen in the environment, such as ragweed, may make your airways react strongly.
What Is Asthma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Other people exposed to the same allergen may not react at all, or their response may be different. The reason one person reacts to an exposure while others do not is not completely understood, though it may be partially explained by genes.
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Asthma symptoms occur when the airways of the lungs narrow, which makes it more difficult to breathe. This narrowing is usually caused by inflammation , which makes the airways swell and may cause the cells of the airway to make excess mucus. Bronchospasm, or tightening of the muscles around the airways, also makes the airways narrow and results in trouble breathing. Over time, if asthma remains active, the airway walls can become thicker. The image below shows how airways narrow during asthma.
Scientists have identified more than types of immune cells and molecular pathways in the immune system that may play a role in causing asthma. Some of these play a role in inflammation. Studying these immune cells and pathways and the role they play can help researchers understand how to better manage asthma.
Genes seem to play a role in making some people more susceptible to asthma. For example, some genes are involved in how your immune system responds to allergens. These genes can cause a stronger reaction in your airways when certain substances in the air end up there. The genes involved may be different in different people. Environmental exposures that may lead to asthma include airborne allergens and virus infections in infancy or early childhood when the immune system is developing.
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Asthma affects people of all ages, but it often starts during childhood. Sometimes asthma develops in adults, particularly women. This type of asthma is called adult-onset or late-onset asthma. You may have an increased risk of asthma because of your environment or occupation, your family history or genes, other medical conditions, your race or ethnicity, or your sex. Environmental exposures, including those at work, may increase the risk of developing asthma or making asthma symptoms worse. The microbes may differ depending on the environment, such as where you live.
Researchers found that being exposed to certain types of microbes or higher amounts of certain microbes during childhood can affect how your immune system develops. This in turn can determine whether you have allergic reactions later in life. For example, people who lived on farms as children were exposed to more types of microbes, and research suggests that this may have helped prevent asthma later in life. Learn more about our research that explores whether microbes might be involved in asthma related to dust-mite allergies.
African Americans and Puerto Ricans are at higher risk of asthma than people of other races or ethnicities. African American and Hispanic children are more likely to die from asthma-related causes than non-Hispanic white Americans. Among children, more boys than girls have asthma. Among teens and adults, asthma is more common among women than men. There is no routine screening for asthma, and there is no way to prevent asthma. Your doctor may recommend avoiding certain risk factors to help prevent asthma from getting worse or causing asthma attacks.
How often signs and symptoms of asthma occur may depend on how severe, or intense, the asthma is, and whether you are exposed to allergens. Some people have symptoms every day, while others have symptoms only a few days of the year. For some people, asthma may cause discomfort but does not interfere with daily activities. If you have more severe asthma, however, your asthma may limit what you are able to do. When asthma is well controlled, it may not cause symptoms.
When symptoms worsen, it is called an asthma attack, exacerbation, or flare-up.
Over time, uncontrolled asthma can damage the lungs. Asthma attacks are episodes that occur when symptoms get much worse. Asthma attacks can happen suddenly and may be life-threatening.
Research for Your Health
People who have severe asthma experience asthma attacks more often. While other conditions can cause the same symptoms as asthma, the pattern of symptoms in people who have asthma usually has some of the following characteristics:. Your doctor may diagnose asthma based on your medical history, a physical exam, and results from diagnostic tests. Your history of asthma symptoms will help your doctor determine if you have mild, moderate, or severe asthma.
The level of severity is used to determine the treatment you will receive. Before diagnosing you with asthma, your doctor will rule out other medical reasons or conditions that could also cause similar signs and symptoms. You may need to see an asthma specialist, called a pulmonologist, or an allergy specialist, called an allergist. Your doctor may ask about any known allergies and the pattern of your symptoms. This includes how often symptoms occur, what seems to trigger your symptoms, when or where symptoms occur, and if your symptoms wake you up at night. Several tests may be done to help determine if asthma is likely to be the cause of symptoms.
These tests include:. It can be hard to tell whether a child under 6 years old has asthma or another respiratory condition because they cannot perform a pulmonary function test such as spirometry.
How to Tell You Have Asthma - Asthma Canada
About 40 percent of children who wheeze when they get colds or respiratory infections are eventually diagnosed with asthma. If you have a history of allergies, your doctor may test to find out which allergens in the environment, such as pet dander or pollen, affect you. This can be a skin test or a blood test. If you are like most people who have asthma, treatment can manage your symptoms, allow you to resume normal activities, and prevent asthma attacks.
Treatment usually depends on your age, asthma severity, and your response to a given treatment option. Your doctor may adjust your treatment until asthma symptoms are controlled. Most people who have asthma are treated with daily medicine, called long-term control medicines, along with inhalers containing medicine for short-term relief during an asthma attack or when symptoms worsen.
An inhaler allows the medicine to go into the mouth and airways. Your doctor may prescribe control medicines to take daily to help prevent symptoms by reducing airway inflammation and preventing narrowing of the airways. Return to Causes to review what causes asthma symptoms. Short-term relief medicines, also called quick-relief medicines, help prevent symptoms or relieve symptoms during an asthma attack. They may be the only medicine needed for mild asthma or asthma that only happens with physical activity. Your doctor will prescribe a quick-relief inhaler for you or your child to carry at all times.
Learn how to use your asthma inhaler correctly. If you have a severe asthma attack and need emergency care, you may be treated with medicines, such as those listed above, given with a nebulizer or IV. You may also receive oxygen therapy or breathing assistance, either through a tube inserted in the airway or through noninvasive ventilation , which uses a mask with forced air that covers the face to support breathing. Your doctor may recommend a procedure called bronchial thermoplasty if you have severe asthma and other treatments are not working.
In this procedure, your doctor will enter the airways through the mouth with a bronchoscope. This helps your doctor see inside the airways. Your doctor then will apply heat to the muscles along the airways to make them thinner and help prevent constriction. If you or your child has been diagnosed with asthma, work with your doctor to learn how manage it yourself.
Because asthma symptoms may be different at different times, it is important to know which medicines to use to prevent and relieve symptoms. You can work with your doctor to develop a treatment plan, called an asthma action plan. Staying healthy also includes avoiding asthma triggers and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Work with your doctor to create an asthma action plan that works for you.