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Now Brian Cathcart, who is a journalism professor, considers Waterloo as a news story.
Why was the Duke of Wellington called the Iron Duke?
After a snappy account of the battle, he reviews the legends about the way news of it reached London: The last story features in the Encyclopedia Britannica, the Dictionary of National Biography, in histories by Elizabeth Longford and Niall Ferguson, in a novel by Sebastian Faulks, and even in Rothschild family histories. There were no journalists at Waterloo.
The only reporting then carried by the London newspapers — all 56 of them, with an average daily circulation of about 5, — was from Parliament and the law courts, while other news, home and foreign, came from the government or its agents. The newspapers paid a subscription to the Post Office to supply summaries of the continental papers, which were sometimes released early to papers loyal to the government. So it was that on Monday June 19, the day after Waterloo, the latest news in London was that Napoleon had left Paris on the 14th though he had actually left on the 12th.
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The dispatch was completed by noon, and a little after 1pm Wellington entrusted it, together with two Napoleonic eagles bedecked with tricolors, to his messenger, Major the Hon. Henry Percy, who set off with all due haste for London. Becalmed after 24 hours, he travelled the last 15 miles or so by rowing boat, making landfall at Broadstairs around 3pm on Wednesday.
From there he took a post-chaise and four — the Regency equivalent of a taxi — with the eagles and tricolors poking from its windows — in which he crossed Westminster Bridge at around He intercuts it with fascinating accounts of the Fleet Street of the day, beset by political and financial pressures and fierce currents of rumours, and draws vivid portraits of the leading players.
Following military success in India, during the Napoleonic Wars he released Spain from French occupation and fought Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in After the wars, he became less successfully involved in politics as opposition leader, cabinet minister and Prime Minster from until One of his nicknames was the 'Iron Duke'. But how did this originate? The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography says its origin is obscure and identifies Punch magazine using it in Meanwhile, a search on the internet and a look in some of the many books written about Wellington finds that the most popular suggestion, by far, is that following the demonstrations over the Reform Bill when rioters broke the windows of his London home, Apsley House, he installed iron shutters over the windows.
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Thus he became known as the Iron Duke. Using newspapers recently available on the British Library's British Newspapers , we can show this to be not correct.
The term was used before the windows of Apsley House were broken and the shutters installed, and it referred to his uncompromising style and character, and attitudes towards Catholic emancipation in Ireland and the Reform Bill. Freeman's Journal was a nationalist newspaper founded in in Ireland.
This newspaper started to use this nickname for the Duke in its columns. Duke of Wellington, ,.
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Rioting outside Apsley House and the mob throw stones at the windows. Dozens of windows broken and the household servants present pistols to the mob. The Standard 13 October On 14 June newspapers reported that to protect his house from the celebrations surrounding the passing of the Reform Bill "iron shutters are being fixed, of a strength and substance sufficient to resist a musket ball".