A review was conducted of the literature on the management of rules and procedures that affect safety . additional to safety, or even more important than safety. These may be In addition, a chapter was prepared for publication in a book.
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Note that images displayed online will be up to 11 by 9 cm on screen and the figure should be clear at this size. Abbreviations should be defined in parentheses the first time they appear in the abstract, main text, and in figure or table captions and used consistently thereafter. Also see the section on Deposition of Sequences and of Expression Data. Equations should be editable by the editorial office and not appear in a picture format. Research Data and supplementary materials: Note that publication of your manuscript implies that you must make all materials, data, and protocols associated with the publication available to readers.
Disclose at the submission stage any restrictions on the availability of materials or information. Read the information about Supplementary Materials and Data Deposit for additional guidelines. Where authors have preregistered studies or analysis plans, links to the preregistration must be provided in the manuscript. MDPI follows standards and guidelines for certain types of research. Front Matter These sections should appear in all manuscript types Title: The title of your manuscript should be concise, specific and relevant.
It should identify if the study reports human or animal trial data, or is a systematic review, meta-analysis or replication study. When gene or protein names are included, the abbreviated name rather than full name should be used. Author List and Affiliations: Authors' full first and last names must be provided. The initials of any middle names can be added.
At least one author should be designated as corresponding author, and his or her email address and other details should be included at the end of the affiliation section. Please read the criteria to qualify for authorship. The abstract should be a total of about words maximum. The abstract should be a single paragraph and should follow the style of structured abstracts, but without headings: Place the question addressed in a broad context and highlight the purpose of the study; 2 Methods: Describe briefly the main methods or treatments applied. Include any relevant preregistration numbers, and species and strains of any animals used.
Summarize the article's main findings; and 4 Conclusion: Indicate the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article: Three to ten pertinent keywords need to be added after the abstract. We recommend that the keywords are specific to the article, yet reasonably common within the subject discipline.
The introduction should briefly place the study in a broad context and highlight why it is important. It should define the purpose of the work and its significance, including specific hypotheses being tested. The current state of the research field should be reviewed carefully and key publications cited. Please highlight controversial and diverging hypotheses when necessary.
Finally, briefly mention the main aim of the work and highlight the main conclusions.
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Keep the introduction comprehensible to scientists working outside the topic of the paper. They should be described with sufficient detail to allow others to replicate and build on published results. New methods and protocols should be described in detail while well-established methods can be briefly described and appropriately cited. Give the name and version of any software used and make clear whether computer code used is available.
Include any pre-registration codes. Provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn. Authors should discuss the results and how they can be interpreted in perspective of previous studies and of the working hypotheses.
The findings and their implications should be discussed in the broadest context possible and limitations of the work highlighted. Future research directions may also be mentioned. This section may be combined with Results. This section is not mandatory, but can be added to the manuscript if the discussion is unusually long or complex.
This section is not mandatory, but may be added if there are patents resulting from the work reported in this manuscript. Describe any supplementary material published online alongside the manuscript figure, tables, video, spreadsheets, etc. Please indicate the name and title of each element as follows Figure S1: All sources of funding of the study should be disclosed.
Clearly indicate grants that you have received in support of your research work and if you received funds to cover publication costs. Note that some funders will not refund article processing charges APC if the funder and grant number are not clearly and correctly identified in the paper. Funding information can be entered separately into the submission system by the authors during submission of their manuscript. Such funding information, if available, will be deposited to FundRef if the manuscript is finally published.
For research articles with several authors, a short paragraph specifying their individual contributions must be provided. The following statements should be used "Conceptualization, X. For more background on CRediT, see here. Please read the section concerning the criteria to qualify for authorship carefully ". Authors must identify and declare any personal circumstances or interest that may be perceived as inappropriately influencing the representation or interpretation of reported research results. If there is no conflict of interest, please state "The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References must be numbered in order of appearance in the text including table captions and figure legends and listed individually at the end of the manuscript. We recommend preparing the references with a bibliography software package, such as EndNote , ReferenceManager or Zotero to avoid typing mistakes and duplicated references.
We encourage citations to data, computer code and other citable research material. Include the digital object identifier DOI for all references where available. If available online, you may use reference style 9. Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the main text and in the reference list.
In the text, reference numbers should be placed in square brackets [ ], and placed before the punctuation; for example [1], [1—3] or [1,3]. For embedded citations in the text with pagination, use both parentheses and brackets to indicate the reference number and page numbers; for example [5] p. The reference list should include the full title, as recommended by the ACS style guide. Style files for Endnote and Zotero are available.
Safety can publish multimedia files in articles or as supplementary materials. Please contact the editorial office for further information. All Figures, Schemes and Tables should be inserted into the main text close to their first citation and must be numbered following their number of appearance Figure 1, Scheme I, Figure 2, Scheme II, Table 1, etc.
All Figures, Schemes and Tables should have a short explanatory title and caption. All table columns should have an explanatory heading. To facilitate the copy-editing of larger tables, smaller fonts may be used, but no less than 8 pt. Authors should use the Table option of Microsoft Word to create tables.
Authors are encouraged to prepare figures and schemes in color RGB at 8-bit per channel. There is no additional cost for publishing full color graphics. In order to maintain the integrity, transparency and reproducibility of research records, authors must make their experimental and research data openly available either by depositing into data repositories or by publishing the data and files as supplementary information in this journal.
For work where novel computer code was developed, authors should release the code either by depositing in a recognized, public repository or uploading as supplementary information to the publication. The name and version of all software used should be clearly indicated. Additional data and files can be uploaded as "Supplementary Files" during the manuscript submission process. The supplementary files will also be available to the referees as part of the peer-review process. Any file format is acceptable, however we recommend that common, non-proprietary formats are used where possible.
Restrictions on data availability should be noted during submission and in the manuscript. Large data sets and files greater than 60 MB must be deposited in this way. For a list of other repositories specialized in scientific and experimental data, please consult databib. The data repository name, link to the data set URL and accession number, doi or handle number of the data set must be provided in the paper. The journal Data also accepts submissions of data set papers. New sequence information must be deposited to the appropriate database prior to submission of the manuscript. Accession numbers provided by the database should be included in the submitted manuscript.
Manuscripts will not be published until the accession number is provided. All sequence names and the accession numbers provided by the databases should be provided in the Materials and Methods section of the article. Citations and References in Supplementary files are permitted provided that they also appear in the reference list of the main text.
Research Ethics Research Involving Human Subjects When reporting on research that involves human subjects, human material, human tissues, or human data, authors must declare that the investigations were carried out following the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki of https: According to point 23 of this declaration, an approval from an ethics committee should have been obtained before undertaking the research.
At a minimum, a statement including the project identification code, date of approval and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board should be cited in the Methods Section of the article. Editors reserve the right to reject any submission that does not meet these requirements. Example of an ethical statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of XXX Project identification code. A written informed consent for publication must be obtained from participating patients who can be identified including by the patients themselves.
Patient details must be anonymized as far as possible, e. A template permission form is available to download. A blank version of the form used to obtain permission without the patient names or signature must be uploaded with your submission.
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You may refer to our sample form and provide an appropriate form after consulting with your affiliated institution. Alternatively, you may provide a detailed justification of why informed consent is not necessary. For the purposes of publishing in MDPI journals, a consent, permission, or release form should include unlimited permission for publication in all formats including print, electronic, and online , in sublicensed and reprinted versions including translations and derived works , and in other works and products under open access license.
The journal reserves the right to ask authors to provide signed forms if necessary. Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research The editors will require that the benefits potentially derived from any research causing harm to animals are significant in relation to any cost endured by animals, and that procedures followed are unlikely to cause offense to the majority of readers. Authors should particularly ensure that their research complies with the commonly-accepted '3Rs':. Any experimental work must also have been conducted in accordance with relevant national legislation on the use of animals for research.
Manuscripts containing original descriptions of research conducted in experimental animals must contain details of approval by a properly constituted research ethics committee.
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As a minimum, the project identification code, date of approval and name of the ethics committee or institutional review board should be cited in the Methods section. Animals Scientific Procedures Act Research Involving Cell Lines Methods sections for submissions reporting on research with cell lines should state the origin of any cell lines. For established cell lines the provenance should be stated and references must also be given to either a published paper or to a commercial source.
If previously unpublished de novo cell lines were used, including those gifted from another laboratory, details of institutional review board or ethics committee approval must be given, and confirmation of written informed consent must be provided if the line is of human origin. The DLD-1 cell line was obtained from Dr. The editors of this journal enforce a rigorous peer-review process together with strict ethical policies and standards to ensure to add high quality scientific works to the field of scholarly publication. Unfortunately, cases of plagiarism, data falsification, image manipulation, inappropriate authorship credit, and the like, do arise.
The editors of Safety take such publishing ethics issues very seriously and are trained to proceed in such cases with a zero tolerance policy. Plagiarism includes copying text, ideas, images, or data from another source, even from your own publications, without giving any credit to the original source.
Reuse of text that is copied from another source must be between quotes and the original source must be cited.
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If a study's design or the manuscript's structure or language has been inspired by previous works, these works must be explicitly cited. If plagiarism is detected during the peer review process, the manuscript may be rejected. If plagiarism is detected after publication, we may publish a correction or retract the paper. If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed during the peer review process, we may reject the manuscript.
If irregular image manipulation is identified and confirmed after publication, we may correct or retract the paper. Our in-house editors will investigate any allegations of publication misconduct and may contact the authors' institutions or funders if necessary. If evidence of misconduct is found, appropriate action will be taken to correct or retract the publication. Authors are expected to comply with the best ethical publication practices when publishing with MDPI. During the submission process, please suggest three potential reviewers with the appropriate expertise to review the manuscript.
The editors will not necessarily approach these referees. Please provide detailed contact information address, homepage, phone, e-mail address. The proposed referees should neither be current collaborators of the co-authors nor have published with any of the co-authors of the manuscript within the last five years. Proposed reviewers should be from different institutions to the authors. You may identify appropriate Editorial Board members of the journal as potential reviewers.
You may suggest reviewers from among the authors that you frequently cite in your paper. To facilitate proper peer-reviewing of your manuscript, it is essential that it is submitted in grammatically correct English. Advice on some specific language points can be found here. If you are not a native English speaker, we recommend that you have your manuscript professionally edited before submission or read by a native English-speaking colleague. Professional editing will enable reviewers and future readers to more easily read and assess the content of submitted manuscripts.
All accepted manuscripts undergo language editing, however an additional fee will be charged to authors if very extensive English corrections must be made by the Editorial Office: Safety accepts articles that have previously been made available as preprints provided that they have not undergone peer review. A preprint is a draft version of a paper made available online before submission to a journal.
Employers need to consider if the hazard can be eliminated altogether or if the job can be changed in any way so as to make it safer and, if not, what safety precautions are necessary to control this risk? The Safety Statement is the place to record the significant findings of the Risk Assessments. This means writing down the more significant hazards and recording the most important conclusions.
Employers should inform employees about their findings. The employer should also state in the Safety Statement where other relevant documentation is retained. The Safety Statement needs to be relevant at all times. Implementing the Safety Statement should be an integral part of everyday operations. A copy of the Statement or relevant extracts of it must be kept available for inspection at or near every workplace to which it relates.
Hence, it may be necessary to revise it whenever there are changes, or when Risk Assessments are carried out and improvements made that have an impact on safety and health. Such changes may include changes in work processes, organisational structure, equipment or substances used, technical knowledge, and legislation or standards.
Changes in the workforce may also have an impact, e. However, it is not necessary to amend the Safety Statement for every trivial change, or for each new job, but if a new job introduces significant new hazards, you need to assess the Risks Assessments and implement the necessary prevention measures. Planning is the key to ensuring that the safety and health efforts really work. It involves setting objectives, assessing the risks, implementing standards of performance and developing a safety culture. The employer should record the safety and health plans in the Safety Statement.
Such planning should provide for:. Where the in-house expertise is not available, employ the services of an external competent person to help. Check that they are familiar with your work activities, have worked with this sector before and have the ability to assess specific work activities. Involve as many employees as possible in order to encourage them to share ownership of the finished Assessments.
Many of the Authority prepared Codes of Practice, Guidance and Information Sheets contain Risk Assessment templates for specific sectors and can also be used for this purpose. See also the Publications section of this website for further details. Employers are required to do all that is reasonably practicable to minimise the risk of injury or damage to the safety and health of their employees. Employers will have done all that is reasonably practicable if they have:. The Safety Statement must specify the arrangements to be used for consultation with and participation by employees on safety and health matters.
These would include the procedures to facilitate effective co-operation and communication on safety and health matters between the employer and employees. Consultation and participation arrangements and the extent of their usage will depend on the size and complexity of the organisation. This may range from informal one to one discussions to a more formal safety committee.
For more information relating to safety representation and safety consultation, see the FAQs on Safety Representation and Safety Consultation. Employers must also consult safety representatives and others who may be affected by the review. Implementing the Safety Statement should be an integral part of everyday operations and so it must be relevant at all times. Therefore, it should be revised periodically, at least annually, and whenever significant changes take place, or when Risk Assessments are carried out and improvements are made that have an impact on safety and health.
Such changes may include changes in the way work is being carried out, the introduction of new work activities, changes in the organisational structure due to redundancies and to available man power etc. Employers should bring any changes made to the attention of the safety representatives, employees and any other persons who may be affected by the new measures set out in the Safety Statement. They must be informed about the new findings and of any changes in the required safety and health precautions.
Make sure all modifications or improvements required by the new Risk Assessments and Safety Statement review are implemented as soon as possible. A Risk Assessment must always be prepared for that place of work. However, if 3 or fewer people are employed and a Code of Practice relating to Safety Statements, prepared by the Authority, exists for a sector or work activity, then compliance with that code is sufficient. See section 20 8 of the Act.
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Codes of Practice have been prepared for several sectors including Construction, Agriculture and Fishing. Please see the Publications section of this website for details. A Safety Statement is your specific programme, in writing, for safeguarding the health and safety of your employees. The Authority does not supply Safety Statements. The guidelines and tools prepared by the Authority on preparing Safety Statements and carrying out Risk Assessments can be used for this purpose.
These guidelines are designed to help employers or the self-employed to manage safety and health in the workplace. Please see the Codes of Practice part of the Publications section of this website for details. Different workplace settings will identify differing hazards, dependent on the work activities being carried out.
Therefore, assorted control measures shall be considered for the various risks in such workplaces, e. Slips, trips and falls are the second most common type of accident in most places of work. The risk depends on: The extent of injury may vary from relatively minor to severe, depending on a variety of factors including the nature of the fall, whether at the level or from a height. Vehicles in the workplace are a risk to other employees on foot. The risk is a combination of the chance that someone will be struck, together with the likely severity of the injury. This will depend on:. Paints containing isocyanates are a hazard to health.
Breathing in isocyanate fumes can cause asthma. The extent of the likely damage is severe. An employee could develop asthma, which might make him or her unemployable in that industry. The Authority has produced extensive Guidance on preventing exposure to all sorts of chemicals including an Information Sheet on Isocyanate use. Please see also the Chemicals and Hazardous Substances part of the Publications section of this website for details.
A permit-to-work system is a written system of the procedures which must be taken to safeguard workers doing work such as repair, maintenance or cleaning work in potentially dangerous areas or with dangerous operations. It involves mechanical, electrical or process isolation procedures or monitoring the atmosphere for the presence of dangerous fumes. It sets out in a systematic way the work is to be done, the hazards involved and the precautions to be taken.
Situations where this is necessary include when machinery could be restarted with the worker still inside it, or working in confined spaces where there is a danger of chemical or physical contamination. The employer should write down in the Safety Statement what work activities require a permit-to-work system. Please see the Working in Confined Spaces part of our website. Employers may also need to consider other sector specific Guidance from the Authority as detailed in our Publications area.
The Safety Statement should contain an organisation chart showing the safety and health management structure and the names and responsibilities of key personnel. As a minimum, it must include the name of the person at senior management or director level with delegated responsibility for safety and health in the company. It must also be ensured that the board of Directors or other management body in charge know they have safety and health responsibilities as well.
Section 18 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act states that, where a competent employee in matters relating to health and safety , is available to an employer, that person should be utilised to address issues relating to safety, health and welfare. Prior to engaging the services of a consultant, the employer should make reasonable enquiries that the person or company being employed has an adequate level of competence to address the work activities under consideration.
Generally a person specialising in safety consultancy will have, in addition to relevant experience, a certificate, diploma, degree or other qualification in the field of occupational health and safety. Depending on the work activities and the workplace under consideration, the consultant might need to have additional qualifications and experience in the type of activity being assessed. You are responsible for the safety of yourself, your employees, and any other person that may be affected by your work activities.
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Strategy in Workplace Health Workplace Stress. What is a Safety Statement? What is the difference between a hazard and a risk? Why is it important to carry out a Risk Assessment and prepare a Safety Statement? What does the law require regarding Risk Assessments and Safety Statements? What should be covered in a Safety Statement? Who needs to read the Risk Assessments and Safety Statement? How often do staff need to read the Risk Assessment and Safety Statement?
I only have one employee; do I need a Safety Statement? Do I need to give a copy of the Safety Statement to every employee? What is a competent person? Am I qualified enough to prepare a Safety Statement correctly? Who approves a Safety Statement? How do I prepare a Safety Statement?
What considerations should be taken into account when planning and setting objectives for safety and health in the Safety Statement? Who is responsible for preparing the Risk Assessment and Safety Statement? Who should carry out the Risk Assessment? How can an employer control risk? What should be contained in the Safety Statement regarding representation, consultation and participation of employees?
What are the two key components of measuring safety and health performance? How should the Safety Statement be reviewed? How often should the Safety Statement be reviewed? What should the employer do after the Safety Statement has been reviewed? My insurance company is requesting a Safety Statement; can the Authority send me one? Are there any factors to be considered in specific Risk Assessments?
Risk of being struck by a fork-lift truck, e. Risk of exposure to isocyanate paint, e. What should the organisation chart of a business show with regard to managing safety and health? I am considering seeking the advice and services of a safety consultant. Can you offer me any advice? Publications What is a Risk Assessment? The results of any Risk Assessments should be written into the Safety Statement.
Section 20 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act requires that an organisation produce a written programme to safeguard: The Safety Statement should influence all work activities, including the selection of competent people, equipment and materials the way work is done how goods and services are designed and provided It is essential to write down the Safety Statement and put in place the arrangements needed to implement and monitor it. Hence, it is important to carry out a Risk Assessment and prepare a Safety Statement for: These documents might include: See the Publications section of this website.
These people could include: A campaign to discharge this responsibility could include a combination of written and verbal communication, including: Back to top Do I need to give a copy of the Safety Statement to every employee? Back to top What is a competent person? Draw up a health and safety policy: Identify the hazards The first step in safeguarding safety and health is to identify hazards from materials, equipment, chemicals and work activities.
But to identify the main hazards and put risks in their true perspective, employers can also check: Decide what precautions are needed Employers may already have in place some safety measures. Record the findings The Safety Statement is the place to record the significant findings of the Risk Assessments.
Review the programme and update as necessary The Safety Statement needs to be relevant at all times. Such planning should provide for: Those required to prepare a Risk Assessment and Safety Statement are: Employers will have done all that is reasonably practicable if they have: The two key components of measuring safety and health performance are: Active monitoring before things go wrong.