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The recorded history of Texas begins with the arrival of the first Spanish conquistadors in the In the ensuing Mexican–American War, there were no more battles fought in Texas, but it became a major staging point for the American invasion of.
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They kill all of these they wish, and tan the hides, with which they clothe themselves and make their tents, and they eat the flesh, sometimes even raw, and they also even drink the blood when thirsty. The tents they make are like field tents, and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose, which come together and are tied at the top, and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have, of which they have many, and they load them with the tents and poles and other things, for the country is so level, as I said, that they can make use of these, because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground.

The sun is what they worship most. European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in In Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas. Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces. By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity.

When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in , American authorities insisted the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in , at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana. Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River.

Hoping more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain. The first grant, to Moses Austin , was passed to his son Stephen F.


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Austin after his death. In , Texas had about 3, people, with most of Mexican descent. Early Texas settler David B. Edwards described his fellow Texans as being "banished from the pleasures of life". Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in to prohibit continued immigration from the United States. The Anahuac Disturbances in were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.

Texians met at the Convention of to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues. Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists.

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In early , wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety. News of the defeats sparked panic among Texas settlers. The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the Republic of Texas. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded. While Texas had won its independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic.

The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar , advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War. Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson massacre.

Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived. As early as , the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States.

Texas Secretary of State

Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of Statehood brought many new settlers. Because of the long Spanish presence in Mexico and various failed colonization efforts by the Spanish and Mexicans in northern Mexico, there were large herds of Longhorn cattle that roamed the state. Hardy by nature, but also suitable for slaughtering and consumption, they represented an economic opportunity many entrepreneurs seized upon, thus creating the cowboy culture for which Texas is famous.

While in the early days of the republic cattle and bison were slaughtered for their hides, soon a beef industry was established with cattle being shipped all over the U. After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican—American War. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory, ending the fighting in Texas.

The Compromise of set Texas's boundaries at their present form. They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers tripled in the state from to , from 58, to , Texas was at war again after the election of At this time, blacks comprised 30 percent of the state's population, and they were overwhelmingly enslaved.

Five other Lower South states quickly followed.

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A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, ratifying the permanent C. Constitution on March Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause.

Texas's most notable Unionist was the state Governor, Sam Houston.

Lib­er­ty and Jus­tice for Texas

Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor. While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War , Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.

Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger. Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues. Like most of the South, the Texas economy was devastated by the War. However, since the state had not been as dependent on slaves as other parts of the South, it was able to recover more quickly.

The culture in Texas during the later 19th century exhibited many facets of a frontier territory. The state became notorious as a haven for people from other parts of the country who wanted to escape debt, criminal prosecution, or other problems.

Texas Department of Transportation

Indeed, "Gone to Texas" was a common expression for those fleeing the law in other states. Nevertheless, the state also attracted many businessmen and other settlers with more legitimate interests as well. The cattle industry continued to thrive, though it gradually became less profitable. Cotton and lumber became major industries creating new economic booms in various regions of the state. Railroad networks grew rapidly as did the port at Galveston as commerce between Texas and the rest of the U. As with some other states before, the lumber industry quickly decimated the forests of Texas such that, by the early 20th century, the majority of the forest population in Texas was gone later conservation efforts restored some of it, but never to the level it once was.

In , Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U. The resulting " oil boom " transformed Texas. In , the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a poll tax for voting, which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites and Latinos. In addition, the legislature established white primaries , ensuring minorities were excluded from the formal political process.

The number of voters dropped dramatically, and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties. The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years.

Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation. World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; , young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.


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Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds. On November 22, , President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. Beginning around the midth century, Texas began to transform from a rural and agricultural state to one urban and industrialized.

During the late 20th century, the Republican Party replaced the Democratic Party as the dominant party in the state, as the latter became more politically liberal and as demographic changes favored the former. Many large mass shootings have occurred in Texas, including the University of Texas tower shooting , the Luby's shooting , the Fort Hood shooting , the Sutherland Springs church shooting , the Santa Fe High School shooting , and the El Paso shooting.

The current Texas Constitution was adopted in Like many states , it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart , and has provisions unique to Texas. Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the governor, which is a weak executive compared to some other states. Except for the Secretary of State , voters elect executive officers independently; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the governor.

When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas's governor, the state had a Democratic lieutenant governor, Bob Bullock. The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives , with members, and a Senate , with 31 members. The Speaker of the House leads the House, and the lieutenant governor, the Senate. Thus, the FY dates from September 1, through August 31, The judiciary of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions.

Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment. Georgia case see Capital punishment in Texas. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption. They have acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state.

The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F.

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Austin in and formally constituted in The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the Old West. The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments, which serve as agents of the state. What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. Most cities in the state, those over 5, in population, have home-rule governments.