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Description In this book, Dr. Ali Muhammad As-Sallabi shows a impor Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi: Volume One Crusades prior to the Rise of al-Ayubi: Volume One Crusades prior to the Rise of the Ayubid State (1 Book 3).
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Sallabi has written a fascinating biography of a man who looms larger than life throughout history, yet who remains largely unknown to people outside of the Arab world.
Sallabi's meticulous research has effectively filled that gap in our knowledge. His work is more than just a biography, as the readers will see. This three volume work has been made more useful to the reader in this English edition through the addition of a map, a timeline, a list of dynasties of the period and a comprehensive glossary. Volume Two: The Establishment of the Ayubid state. Convert currency. Add to Basket. Condition: Very Good. Great condition for a used book! Minimal wear. Seller Inventory GRP More information about this seller Contact this seller.
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Cover has some rubbing and edge wear. Access codes, CDs, and other accessories may not be included. All items ship Mon-Fri. In principle the most important principality was that assigned to al-Afdal 'Al i, Saladin's eldest son and designated heir as sultan. And in fact, al-Afdal held an impressive group of territories. It comprised Damascus as his capital, together with its immediate dependencies.
To the south, he controlled the fertile though relatively arid volcanic plain of the Hauran, with the important towns of Banyas and Bosra; the Jabal alDuruz and its fortress of Salkhad ; and , beyond the Yarmuk river, the new fortress of ' Ajlun overlooking the Jordan valley into the Samarian hills.
However, from all points of view al-'Adil was a wise choice as ruler of these outlying regions, especially the Eastern Territories.
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In either c ase al-'Adil, both in diplomatic skill and military experience, was far better fitted than any of Saladin's sons to represent Ayyubid interests. Constant firmly friction, however, weakened the Ayyubids line, which eventually ceased to exist when its last sultan was murdered by the rebellious Mamluks in Kohn p. Thus, the Egyptian people had problems accepting the sovereignty of the Mamluks, referring to their Caucasian origin.
The Egyptian tribesmen: The Egyptian tribesmen were the only group in the Mamluk domains that was openly and repeatedly contesting the legitimacy of Mamluk authority, and the only group that was ready to resort to armed resistance. On the one hand, the rebels prevented the payment of agricultural taxes, while on the other hand they siphoned back part of the income made by the local representatives of urban wealth, the merchants and the artisans.
The revolt attempted to establish a local autonomous government ruled by tribal leaders who bore the titles of the Mamluk amirs, a mirror image of the central government in Cairo. But it was a topsy-turvy government, one in which the merchants and the artisans pay their taxes to the local population. Not incidentally, perhaps, the taxes imposed by this rebel government had a markedly religious connotation, as if non-Arabs were not true Muslims. After thousands of Arabs were put to the sword, al-Nuwayr reports that the Mamluk forces took 1, Arab captives, who were all cultivators of the land.
The booty was immense, including a substantial number of agricultural products, such as oil taken from the local presses, and thousands of cows and oxen. Reportedly, the Mamluk armies could not find buyers for the enormous amounts of grain they obtained during the suppression of the revolt. But when the troops returned north, they found the land empty.
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Subsequently, the contemporary historians and later ones agree that Sayf al Din Salar and Baybaes al- Jashnakir succeeded in capturing the leaders of the revolt, killed many of the Bedouins, took possession of Upper Egypt and spread the mamluk power all over the region. However, this continuation of the Bedoin revolt during the rule of Al Nasir Muhammad gives them entire understanding of many aspects of the situation of the Bedouins in Egypt.
Firstly, during the period under consideration, the Bedouins had a deep and common desired for independence, even internal independence; they at least wanted to live as was their habit, free, and far from any regulation which might put them under the authority of the Mamluks. Secondly, the Bedouins enjoyed a certain degree of power which helped them to continue fighting the mamluks whenever an opportunity occurred to their advance. Fourthly, these consecutive movements could be considered as internal revolt which might badly affect the political structure, the social structure and the economic activities too.
Al-Hajji pp. It is very difficult to separate these reasons, because most revolt comprised a variety of motives, ranging from political, to socio-economic, ethnic and religious causes. From the Arabic sources it is possible to infer numerous reasons for his revolt, which land ownership and taxation imposed by the Umayyad administration being two of the most important ones underneath the political aspirations.
Whatever issues, rivalry, or clash of personality sparked it off is not recorded but his following was powerful enough for him to defeat the governor in Collins 2. Ubayd Allah b. Here, I will discuss on the revolt in the Toledo by the Ubayd Allah b. The early of the following year , a revolt broke out in Toledo following the replacement of the existing governor by the new Amir.
The leader of the revolt is named by Ibn Hayyan as Ubayd Allah b. Nothing is known about his previous career or what made him the leader for a popular uprising. Facing threat elsewhere, not least from his uncle, al Hakam ordered Amirus b Yusuf, the commander of the Berber garrison in nearby Talvera, to suppress the revolt. As Toledo was too strongly fortified to be effectively besieged, Amirus opened secret negotiations with some of the factions inside the city.
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He promised the leader of one faction, the Bani Masha, that one of them would be appointed governor if they rid him of Ibn Hamir, which they promptly did, by murdering him and talking his head to Amrus in the Talavera. However, they were formally received with great honour and then promptly murdered by some of the Berber troops, with whom they had a longstanding feud.
This was no doubt what Amrus had intended, as he send the heads of the Banu Mahsa, along with that of Ibn Hamir, to Cordoba to show the amir that Pacification of Toledo was proceeding. The final Stage in that process was already being planned, provably with the approved of Al Hakam I. After the slaughter of Banu Mahsa, Amrus persuaded the now divided citizen of Toledo to submit and admit him to the city.
Once within, Amrus built a temporary fortification on of the gates, to defend his troops from unexpected attack, and also arranged a feast for the leaders of the various factions and families who had hitherto dominated Toledo so that could celebrate the restoration of Umayyad authority. According to Hayyan about seven hundred people were killed in the course of it.
It is known to us that bloodshed through rebellion among the European, the Chinese as well as the Indian. So, similar kinds of occurrence exist in the Muslim history too where we found full of bloodshed, assassination, killing the own brother, Uncle, Nephew for the power struggle. In conclusion, my findings in these study is that rebellion and rebellious in the Muslim dynasties like Abbasid, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Andalosia were the common matters as like other kingdoms or dynasties of the world.
In addition, every rebellion has the political motives or the social grievance from the people of the society. Furthermore, some of the rebellions or rebellious brought serious casualties to the society for example mass killing, destruction of properties etc.
References: Kennedy, H. The early Abbasid caliphate: A political history. Hussein, A. Sallabi, A. International Islamic Publishing House.
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Humphreys, R. SUNY Press. Dictionary of Wars. Doctoral dissertation, Royal Holloway, University of London. Rapoport, Y. Mamluk Studies Review, Jg, 8, Arabica, 42 2 , DOI: Islamic Studies, 46 1 , Caliphs and Kings: Spain, Wiley- Blackwell. Related Papers.