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I desire a stop may be put to the selling of strong Liquors by the White people to my people especially near the Indian Nation. If the White people make strong drink, let them sell it to one another or drink it in their own Families. This will avoid a great deal of mischief which otherwise will happen from my people getting drunk and quarreling with the White people. In response to Hagler's complaints, regulations adopted at the Augusta Conference of attempted to limit the amount of alcohol brought into Native American communities: "Any Trader who by himself, substitute, or servant, shall carry more than fifteen Gallons of Rum, at any one time, into any nation of Indians Inspired by a religious vision in , the Lenape prophet Neolin proclaimed that Native Americans needed to reject the goods and lifestyles of the European settlers and return to a more traditional way of life, [94] specifically rejecting alcohol , materialism , and polygamy : "Above all, you must abstain from drinking their deadly beson [medicine], which they have forced upon us, for the sake of increasing their gains and diminishing our numbers.

On 2 September the Mohegan missionary Samson Occom — was asked to preach a sermon at the hanging of Moses Paul, a Native American who had been convicted of murder during a drunken rampage. Moses Cook, Late of Waterbury, on the 7th of December, ," ended with a lengthy speech to Native Americans about the sins of drunkenness:. When we are intoxicated with strong drink we drown our rational powers, by which we are distinguished from the brutal creation--we unman ourselves, and bring ourselves not only level with the beasts of the field, but seven degrees beneath them How many [drunkards] have been drowned in our rivers, and how many frozen to death in the winter season!

And now let me exhort you all to break off from your drunkenness Take warning by this doleful sight before us, and by all the dreadful judgments that have befallen poor drunkards. The sermon was remarkable in that Occom's audience included both colonists and Native Americans, and Occom knew that the topic of Native American drunkenness was controversial. A lifelong teetotaler , the Miami chief Little Turtle campaigned against the sale and consumption of alcohol in Native American communities. Father, nothing can be done to advantage unless the Great Council of the Sixteen Fires, now assembled, will prohibit any person from selling spirituous liquors among their red brothers.

The introduction of this poison has been prohibited in our camps but not in our towns, where many of our hunters, for this poison, dispose of, not only their furs, etc. Owing to the introduction of this fatal poison, we have become less numerous and happy. These people are becoming very sensible of the baneful effects produced on their morals, their health, and existence by the abuse of ardent spirits, and some of them earnestly desire a prohibition of that article from being carried among them. This and other federal laws restricting the sale of alcohol to Native Americans remained in effect until He inspired William Henry Harrison to enact a series of regulations preventing the use of alcohol to cheat Indians in the fur trade.

In , after a period of illness due to many years of alcoholism, the Seneca leader Handsome Lake — had visions that presented him with concerns he must enforce, like learning the English language and preservation of lands traditionally occupied by Native Americans. Shortly after Handsome Lake's first vision, he ceased drinking alcohol and began preaching against drunkenness. His message outlined a moral code that was eventually referred to as the Code of Handsome Lake, known today as the Longhouse Religion.

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Handsome Lake influenced large numbers of Seneca and Iroquois to abstain from alcohol, which had significant positive social and economic consequences. He died on 10 August His obituary in the Buffalo Gazette described him as a man once "remarkable only for stupidity and beastly drunkenness" who had "immediately abandoned his habits, visited the tribes—related his story—which was believed, and the consequence has been, that from a filthy, lazy drunken set of beings, they have become cleanly, industrious, sober, and happy.

In May the Shawnee leader Tenskwatawa — experienced a vision when he fell into unconsciousness during an alcoholic stupor and was thought to be dead. Unexpectedly reviving as his body was being prepared for burial, he recounted a powerful vision of two different worlds, one filled with ample blessings for the virtuous ones who lived as the Master of Life intended, while the other world was filled with pain, hardship, and terror for those who refused to follow traditional tribal ways. Tenskwatawa became known as "The Prophet," began preaching, and emerged as a powerful and influential spiritual leader.

The Purification Movement urged followers to reject European habits such as consumption of alcohol, and to return to their traditional ways. Facing starvation and incessant conflicts with white settlers, in Tenskwatawa and his older brother Tecumseh founded an alcohol-free community near present-day Lafayette, Indiana called Prophetstown. It soon expanded into a large, multi-tribal community that became a "powerful Indian city-state " for Tenskwatawa's spiritual movement.

The Pequot writer and minister William Apess — established the first formal Native American temperance society among the Maspee Indians on 11 October Resolved, That we will not countenance the use of ardent spirits among us, in any way whatever; and that we will do all in our power to suppress it.

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That we will not buy it ourselves, nor suffer it to be in our houses, unless ordered by a physician. Apess was raised by his alcoholic grandparents and as a child he was abused; he urged Native Americans to avoid alcohol:. For the burning curse and demon of despair came among us: Surely it came through the hands of the whites. Sure the red man had never sought to destroy one another as this bane of hell would! And we little babes of the forest had to suffer much on its account. Oh white man!

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How can you account to God for this? Are you not afraid that the children of the forest will rise up in judgment and condemn you?


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Apess was eventually forced to leave Cape Cod, possibly due to his own inability to quit drinking. The Kickapoo shaman Kennekuk renounced alcohol when, as a young man, he killed his uncle in a fit of drunken rage, and was ostracized by his tribe. He wandered between frontier settlements in Indiana and Illinois begging for food until a Catholic priest took him in to teach him Christianity.

Kennekuk began preaching to persuade others to quit drinking, returned to his community, and by he had become a leading chief of the Kickapoos. Between and he urged his followers to resist efforts by Indian agents and missionaries to force his people to accept Christianity and standardized schooling, and to oppose the forcible division of tribal lands into individual allotments. Within a short time, alcohol use among his followers had declined significantly and his community became more cohesive and productive.

The Ojibwa newspaper editor George Copway — used his publication The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of The Ojibway Nation to describe how alcohol was one of many tools used by whites to weaken Native American social fabric:. The introduction of spirituous liquors Intemperance and disease. The fire-water has done its work of disaster. By it the glad shouts of the youth of our land have died away in wails of grief! Fathers have followed their children to their graves. Children have sent their wail of woe, echoing from vale to vale. And around the cheering fires of the Indian, the white man has received the gain of avarice.

Peace and Happiness entwined around the fire-side of the Indian once. Union, harmony, and a common brotherhood cemented them all. But as soon as these vile drinks were introduced, dissipation commenced, and the ruin and downfall of a noble race has gone on — every year lessening their numbers. Copway planned to establish a self-governed, alcohol-free First Nations territory known as "Kahgega" that would have eventually achieved statehood.

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In he petitioned unsuccessfully for Washington to support his ambitions, arguing his case to Congress in "Organization of a New Indian Territory, East of the Missouri River. By the late nineteenth century, Native American religious leaders typically included abstinence from alcohol in their moral teachings. The Indian Shaker Church , founded by John Slocum after he had a vision in , is a syncretic combination of Native American, Catholic and Protestant belief systems that requires its members to abstain from alcohol. Wovoka taught that in order to bring this vision to pass, the Native Americans must live righteously and refrain from drinking alcohol.

At least one recent study refutes the belief that Native Americans drink more than Caucasian Americans. The survey included responses from , whites compared to 4, Native Americans. The majority Approximately In her classic study on alcohol use among the Lakota Sioux , [] anthropologist Beatrice Medicine found that as Native Americans were crowded onto reservations, men lost their traditional social role as providers and started drinking to alleviate their feelings of powerlessness.

She observed that Lakota women abstain from alcohol more frequently than men, or quit drinking once they bear children, due to strong cultural values associated with responsible motherhood.

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In many families women become caretakers, assisting alcoholic men when they are sick or in legal trouble. Within Lakota society there are few social controls on alcohol abuse, nor is there pressure to stay sober. Drunken behavior is excusable, and the family does not ostracize alcoholics but often provides them with shelter and food. She notes that there is constant peer pressure among men to join others in drinking as a social activity.

Quitting alcohol then becomes a personal endeavor that requires substantial will power, introspection and sacrifice. Modern therapies attempt to connect treatment to traditional rituals emphasizing the individual's search for spiritual strength and guidance, such as the sun dance or vision quest. A study looked at alcohol dependence and treatment in Native American and Alaskan Native women who were in treatment at nine substance abuse treatment centers in the west, southwest, northern plains, the midwestern US and Alaska.

Fifty-two staff members employed at the treatment centers were also interviewed. Over half had been abandoned by one or both parents, raised by relatives, sent to a boarding school , or had run away from home as a child. Seventy-two percent had been arrested at least once for an alcohol-related reason. The mean age of first alcohol use was 14, with some participants reporting first use as young as age 6. Many of the participants had been introduced to alcohol by a parent or an older sibling.

Most of the women said that the death of a close family member, a divorce, or the end of an important relationship motivated them to drink regularly and heavily. Seventy-three percent reported drinking during pregnancy. The leading obstacles preventing women from starting treatment were lack of child care and lack of affordable transportation.

This was especially true for women living in isolated rural areas, but also pertained to women in cities with inadequate public transportation systems. Women also had to contend with resistance from partners who did not want them to start treatment. Many women cited confidentiality concerns as a reason for delaying treatment. A primary motivation for Native American women to enter and complete treatment included maintaining or regaining custody of their children.

Forty percent entered treatment due to a court order to avoid incarceration because of repeated criminal offenses such as driving while intoxicated.


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  • Twenty percent of participants were referred by a medical professional, sometimes because of pregnancy, with pressure or encouragement from family or friends as an important secondary motivation. There is considerable variation in the level of alcohol use and patterns of intake between tribes. Beals et al. They found that alcohol dependence was more common in the Northern Plains sample Northern Plains women had a rate of alcohol dependence more than twice that of either US or Southwest women. The authors speculate that "Southwest women, as the carriers of tradition in this matrilineal culture , may have greater ties to their Native ways and thus be at less risk for the development of alcohol use disorders.


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    • Phillip A. May's in-depth examination of the epidemiology of alcohol abuse and dependence among Native Americans found that tribes with a higher level of traditional social integration and less pressure to modernize had fewer alcohol-related problems. Tribes in which social interactions and family structure were disrupted by modernization and acculturative stress i.

      Native Americans living in urban areas have higher rates of alcohol use than those living in rural areas or on reservations, and more Native Americans living on reservations where cultural cohesion tends to be stronger abstain altogether from alcohol. May draws parallels to other societies affected by cultural change. Surveys have shown that Native American youth are more likely to start drinking at a younger age, more likely to drink heavily, and more likely to suffer negative consequences of drinking than their non-Native counterparts. Psychosocial stressors play a significant role in alcohol use among Native adolescents.

      Of 89 Native American adolescents admitted to a residential substance abuse treatment facility , only Native American youth become socialized into the culture of alcohol at an early age, and this pattern of testing alcohol limits persists until early adulthood. Other youth exhibit an experimental pattern of drinking through adolescence and this is noted as one of the biggest identifiers of binge drinking later in life. This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men, in about 2 hours. Binge drinking has less impact on health if enough time elapses between binges, however binge drinkers have a higher risk of death by accident, violence or alcohol poisoning as they are less accustomed to intoxication.