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- Impaired Driving | Arizona Department of Public Safety
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In , after the U. By the early s, most states had lowered their MLDAs to between 18 and 20 years of age, resulting in numerous discussions and studies. Most of these studies showed that the rise and decline of teenage car crash fatalities were related to MLDA [ 15 ]. Therefore, in , the U. Congress enacted legislation that set the MLDA, stipulating that states that failed to raise their MLDA to 21 would lose a portion of their federal highway construction funding.
By , all states had raised their MLDA to MLDA has remained one of the most researched alcohol prevention policies. By , all states enacted a BAC limit of 0. This act stipulated that drivers under the age of 21 should not demonstrate a BAC exceeding 0. Maryland first passed the Zero Tolerance Law in By , all states had implemented the Zero Tolerance Law. Zwerling and Jones [ 26 ], Wagenaar et al. The Open Container Laws regarding drinking and driving stipulated that the drivers would be fined if open containers of alcoholic beverages were found in the cabins of their vehicles.
Because this was an interstate law instead of a federal law, the states had the right to decide whether they issued the law and they could also adjust the contents of this law. In , to encourage states to pass the Open Contain Laws, Congress stipulated that states that failed to implement the Open Container Laws would lose a portion of their federal highway construction funding. Currently, only 43 states have enacted this law.
Eisenberg [ 31 ] and Benson et al. Under the ALR law, licenses are immediately revoked whenever a driver either: Ruhm [ 9 ], Voas et al. The results of studies on DUI fines differed. Based on the definition proposed by Becker and Posner [ 37 ], we classifed these drinking and driving policies into two categories: Preventive regulations were enacted to prevent drinking and driving, including the Beer tax, MLDA, and Open Container Laws, whereas ex-post regulations were enacted to penalize drivers under the influence of alcohol, including the 0.
Impaired Driving | Arizona Department of Public Safety
Although some laws such as the beer tax, speed limits, and the Safety Belt Law were not intended to reduce alcohol-related collisions, numerous studies have observed that these laws had direct and significant effects on alcohol-related fatalities. Specifically, the effects of the beer tax on alcohol-related fatalities were widely examined. For example, the empirical results of Chaloupka and Wechsler [ 38 ], Phelps [ 39 ], Kenkel [ 40 ], Saffer and Grossman [ 12 ], and Mann et al. QR can be used to detail the performance of explanatory variables under the influence of conditional medians.
Additionally, it can be expanded to analyze the performance of variables under the influence of different conditional quantiles. We simplified 1 into a basic panel data quantile regression model, as shown in Equation 1. Equation 1 can be simplified into the conditional quantile form: Also included is the state-specific time fixed effect to guarantee that the results are not due to the trend of fatalities caused by drunk driving [ 9 ]. However, the conditional quantile in the QR analysis is not a linear estimator, and within group estimation cannot be used to eliminate the fixed effects.
Therefore, Koenker [ 14 ] introduced an objective function with penalty terms to eliminate the fixed effects, as shown in Equation Based on the suggestions in Lamarche [ 44 ], we used the bootstrap method for sampling estimation. In this method, the re-sampling of samples was used to simulate the population distribution. We also relaxed the assumption limit that requires the conditional distribution of the errors to be homoscedastic [ 45 ]. Therefore, a variance matrix estimation equation with consistency was obtained, as shown in Equation 3.
The QR model can describe the performances of different quantile conditional distributions and therefore can more fully describe the characteristics of samples. This is different from the OLS model describes only the mean marginal effects of the explanatory variables on the explained variables.
Because this model was comparatively suitable, we used the panel data QR model to explore and verify whether changes in the effectiveness of drinking and driving policies occur with varying levels of alcohol-related fatalities. Based on the framework in Koenker [ 14 ], we established an empirical model for panel data QR, as shown in Equation Annual data from the 48 contiguous states for the years to are employed. ARFR it represents the alcohol-related fatalities per , population according to Chang et al.
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L it represents the nine drinking and driving policies selected for this discussion: These policies were set as the dummy variables in this model except for the beer tax. If states had adopted a policy, it was marked as 1; if they had not, it was marked as 0. Please refer to Table 1 for the details of the variables. To clearly explain the estimation results of QR with different quantiles, we use the definition of QR to classify alcohol-related fatalities into three types based on their quantiles: We then conducted empirical analyses based on Equation 4 to discuss the effects of drinking and driving policies and other control variables on alcohol-related fatalities.
Table 2 shows four characteristics: In these areas, preventive regulations such as MLDA and the beer tax were relatively more effective in reducing alcohol-related fatalities than ex-post regulations; 2 In areas with high rates of alcohol-related fatalities, socio-economic factors such as employment rate, and the number of young drivers had no significant effects on fatalities.
In these areas, ex-post regulations such as BAC limit 0. Since the second highest region was West, our results appear to support the original finding described in Figure 2 ; 4 The effects of preventive regulations declined as the rate of alcohol-related fatalities increased, whereas the opposite was observed for ex-post regulations. This indicates that in areas with high rates of alcohol-related fatalities, ex-post regulations were more effective than preventive regulations.
The only ineffective traffic law in reducing alcohol-related fatalities in all quantiles is the speed limit. In the following section, we detail the effectiveness of various drinking and driving policies and other control variables in areas with high, medium, and low rates of alcohol-related fatalities. The 25, 50, and 75 percentiles represent the areas with 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of the rate of alcohol-related fatality; 2.
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ARFR, Beer tax, income, unemployment rate, and population density are in natural logarithms; 3. State-specific time dummies were also included in the regressions while their coefficients are not reported to reduce paper length. Table 2 shows that all drinking and driving polices except for speed limit had significant effects on lowering rates of alcohol-related fatalities in these areas. Among all policies, the beer tax was the most effective in lowering fatalities. Additionally, zero tolerance, the Open Container Law, and BAC effectively reduced the rate of fatalities in these areas, showing decreases of 0.
Unemployment rates and the number of young drivers have a significant positive correlation with alcohol-related fatalities, that is, increases in unemployment rates and the proportion of young drivers caused an increase in fatalities.
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Conversely, per capita income had a significant negative correlation with alcohol-related fatalities. From these analyses, we observed that in the areas with low alcohol-related fatalities, in addition to the increased fatalities caused by economic pressure from unemployment and low per capita income [ 46 ], the effects of young drivers on increased alcohol-related fatalities should not be overlooked. In summary, in these areas, alcohol abuse and poor attitudes toward alcohol had a more severe effect on alcohol-related fatalities than poor traffic conditions [ 6 ].
Therefore, preventive regulations that are intented to prevent drunk driving were more effective and important than ex-post regulations that are intended to penalize drunk driving offenders. In the areas with medium rates of alcohol-related fatalities, the effects of the speed limit were insignificant, that is, the speed limit in these areas failed to effectively reduce rates of alcohol-related fatalities.
Other drinking and driving policies had significant effects on the rates of alcohol-related fatalities in these areas. The beer tax was still the most effective in reducing rates of alcohol-related fatalities.
Additionally, the zero tolerance, open container, and BAC regulations in these areas effectively reduced the rates of alcohol-related fatalities, by 0. In these areas, the number of young drivers had no significant effects on alcohol-related fatalities, indicating that young drivers were not the major cause or focus of alcohol-related fatalities in these areas.
In particular, per capita income and population density had significant negative correlations with alcohol-related fatalities, that is, when per capita income or population density increased, fatalities declined by 0. From these analyses we observed that in the areas with medium alcohol-related fatalities, traffic conditions should be improved and alcohol abuse and poor attitudes toward alcohol should be discouraged to reduce alcohol-related fatalities.
In summary, preventive and ex-post regulations were both significant. Most of the included drinking and driving policies all had significant effects in the areas with high alcohol-related fatalities. In particular, the three most effective traffic laws for reducing fatalities were zero tolerance, open container, and BAC for reducing fatalities rates by 0. The only traffic law that showed insignificant result was speed limit. In these areas, fewer economic and demographic variables only per capita income and population density had significant effects on reducing alcohol-related fatalities, indicating that unemployment rates and the number of young drivers were not major causes of drunk driving in these areas.
In summary, improving traffic conditions or creating safe traffic conditions is essential for reducing alcohol-related fatalities in these areas. Additionally, ex-post regulations such as zero tolerance and BAC were relatively more effective than preventive ones. For systemic comparisons between coefficients across quantiles, differences between coefficients for each variable were computed and the results are presented in Table 3.
For the laws that are more effective in the areas with low alcohol-related fatalities, negative numbers appear in the columns of coefficient difference throughout the three pairs of comparison were obtained, which were MLDA and speed limit. Beer tax also worked more effectively in the areas with low alcohol-related fatalities.
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BAC and zero tolerance, on the other hand, are more effective in the areas with high alcohol-related fatalities. Thus, the areas with different conditions of alcohol-related fatalities should focus on different policies when enforcing the laws. In short, compared with areas that had low fatalities, the effects of preventive regulations for suppressing alcohol-related fatalities had declined in the areas with high fatalities, whereas the effects of ex-post regulations for suppressing fatality rates had increased in general. The changes of the effects of preventive regulations are as follows: MLDA declined from 0.
The changes of the effects of ex-post regulations are as follows: Zero Tolerance increased from 0. Each column presents the difference of coefficients between different quantile regressions; 2. The differences in coefficients of state-specific time dummies and constants are not shown. It is important for the relevant authorities to gain area-specific understanding of laws when amending them in order to save more lives from drinking and driving. Thus, we used the results from the empirical study on relevant policies to verify the arguments and discourse described above.
Comparing the effects of all traffic laws in the three different quantiles, the most effective ones are the same for all three quantiles in the same order—zero tolerance, open container, and BAC. However, some laws are more effective in the areas with high alcohol-related fatalities, some are more effective in the areas with low alcohol-related fatalities, and others may not show consistent patterns across quantiles. In the areas with low alcohol-related fatalities, preventive regulations beer tax, MLDA, and open container may be more effective than ex-post regulations such as BAC and zero tolerance , whereas ex-post regulations were more effective in areas with high fatalities, with an increase in effectiveness of 0.
Beer tax is most effective for the areas with low rate of alcohol fatalities but zero tolerance is most effective for the areas with high alcohol fatalities. DUI fine laws are effective for the areas with high alcohol fatalities but not so effective for the medium and low rates of alcohol fatalities. These analyses show that the effectiveness of drinking and driving policies differed in areas with different rates of alcohol-related fatalities.
Even though the results were statistically significant in general, they might not imply social significance given the fact that the effectiveness the magnitude of coefficients of the laws was small. The law with greatest impact was zero tolerance, which decreased the rate of alcohol-related fatalities by 0. However, these figures could be translated to While this study did not intend to address the issue of social significance To determine whether the results are socially significant, which can be referred to changes on measures that are important to society, some cut off points or thresholds need to be carefully defined [ 47 , 48 ], which is beyond the scope of this study.
Therefore, it is crucial for the relevant authorities to gain better understanding of traffic laws. When deciding on methods by which to lower alcohol-related fatalities, the U. Forty percent of these crashes occurred during weekends approximately 12, casualties , possibly because people consume excessive quantities of alcohol at social engagements on weekends, causing severe alcohol-related crashes [ 37 ]. This indicates that drunk driving remains a severe social problem in the U.
In this study, we used the alcohol-related fatalities per , people in the U. The data show the following phenomena: These characteristics led us to question if drinking and driving policies had the same effects in areas with different rates of alcohol-related fatalities. Therefore, we used the QR method to discuss the effectiveness of various drinking and driving policies for different quantiles of alcohol-related fatalities. The results from the empirical study show demographic factors such as income, unemployment rates, young driver ratio, and population density were all significant in areas with low rates of alcohol-related fatalities; while only income and population density were significant in areas with high rates of alcohol-related fatalities.
Considering the numbers of coefficients, we also find that lower beer tax and declined economic conditions such as decreased income or increased unemployment are correlated with higher rate of alcohol-related fatalities with impact greater in areas with low alcohol-related fatalities than in high fatality areas. Additionally, increased numbers of young drivers in areas with low rates of alcohol-related fatalities result in increased fatalities, whereas they did not significantly affect the fatalities in the areas with higher rates of alcohol-related fatalities.
This implies that in areas with low alcohol-related fatalities as compared to high fatality areas , drinking habits and attitudes may be restrained more easily by stricter drinking and driving policies and these areas are influenced to a greater extent by economic and demographic conditions. On the other hand, drinking habits and attitudes may not be easily changed in the areas with high alcohol-related fatalities; ex-post regulations are thus important for discouraging drinking people driving on the road.
As a result, ex-post regulations are more important in the areas with high fatalities whereas preventive regulations are intended to prevent alcohol abuse and thus decrease alcohol-related fatalities in the areas with low fatalities. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Read more Read less. Prime Book Box for Kids. Add all three to Cart Add all three to List. Some of these items ship sooner than the others. Buy the selected items together This item: Ships from and sold by Amazon.
Customers who viewed this item also viewed. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. Review "Every impaired offender program should take a look at these materials because they will set the standard for a comprehensive, motivational, educational change program that can reduce recidivism and promote meaningful, lasting change for the offenders. Related Video Shorts 0 Upload your video. Share your thoughts with other customers.
Write a customer review. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. If you need to get one of these that arise fast. One person found this helpful. Not what it was supposed to be. And I don't have to do a certain number of words. New book and in great shape when it arrived. Was exactly what was needed for the course that my nephew needed to take.
This is a good curriculm for a DUII specific course. There is a lot of information that is outdated, but it is easy enough to update and if it doesn't pertain, then it is easy also to leave out of services. Great resource and informational on DUII programs. Am using it as a resource with a court-ordered client; some good material.
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This book was "required" for a course, however after the course was completed I realized that this book was not even needed. Although it does present good information for teaching strategies to those who have been convicted of driving under the influence, I did not get out of this book what I expected. Driving With Care is an excellent program. The Provider's Guide is a must for those delivering the material.