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(*Words and Music by Max and David Sapp) There is a river, and it flows from deep within* There is a fountain, that frees the soul from sin. Come to this water;.
Table of contents

• Gaither Vocal Band Lyrics
• How does a river start?
• What's the "River" Song from The Politician Episode 1? Fun Facts
• 10 Songs About Rivers

These correspond to the rhithron and potamon and have the following characteristics see Fig. Riffles have high, turbulent flow, coarse bottoms of boulders, rocks or pebbles and limited attached vegetation. Pools have lower flow, bottoms of somewhat finer material and some rooted vegetation. Zonation within the potamon is both longitudinal and lateral. Longitudinally, there is a repetition of differing habitats associated with the meanders of the channel. Laterally, there is the distinction between the main channel and its floodplain.

The floodplain is normally an area of relatively flat land flanking the main channel. In exceptional cases larger floodplain areas arise by geographic accident and some of these such as the Central Delta of the Niger or the Gran Pantanal of the Paraguay River are very extensive.

The plain is usually higher near the river, where raised levees limit the main channel, and slopes downward toward the foot of the terrace confining the plain. Many bodies of water are found on the plain ranging from small temporary pools to large permanent lagoons and swamps. Detailed descriptions of the physical and chemical or geomorphic processes determining river form are presented in Leopold, Wolman and Miller Because of the geomorphic processes governing river form, river systems in any one climatic zone tend to resemble each other and, in fact, many features are universal.

In effect, greater differences exist between the various zones of one river than between homologous zones of different rivers. However, such subdivisions are for convenience of study and any river system should ultimately be viewed as a continuum showing an evolution of characters along its length. Considerable modifications have been carried out in many river systems, particularly in the temperate zone where there are few large rivers which now show all their original features.

Gaither Vocal Band Lyrics

Nevertheless, features of the geography of any particular river basin can impose certain characteristics on the river. Examples of such include classification of tropical rivers into two different types according to their flood regime. One useful distinction is between i reservoir rivers, which have extensive lakes, swamps or floodplains near their headwaters resulting in the gradual release of floodwaters and permanent flow; and ii sandbank rivers, where there are extremes of annual fluctuation in water level from severe flood to complete desiccation in the dry season.

A second distinction originates from the type of landscape through which the river flows. Here i tropical forest rivers have many of the characteristics of reservoir rivers in that variations of flow are evened out by the retention of water in the flooded forest. Such rivers tend to have black waters with low pH, low conductivity and ionic content, low silt load and high humic content. The pH of their waters is rarely extreme varying from slightly acid to slightly alkaline, conductivities are often reasonably high as are silt loads. They show greatly increased conductivity and alkalinity along their lengths as the water becomes concentrated by evaporation, and in their more extreme form end up as salt marsh or lake.

Mixed systems also occur, and larger rivers especially may change their nature several times during their length.

How does a river start?

Equally, developments within their basin may change what were once forest rivers into savanna rivers, and eventually by erosion, siltation and water use into desert rivers. A different approach to the classification of stream types arises from the branching pattern of the river channels in any drainage basin.

These have been categorized according to the order of streams in a hierarchy which is defined as follows: first-order streams are those having no tributaries, second-order streams are formed by the junction of first-order streams; third-order streams are formed by the junction of second-order streams and so on.

In its original form the system provided for one stream, usually the longest, of each category to be extended headward in such a way that the main channel of the river extends continuously from source to mouth Horton, see Fig. Later modifications of the system suppressed this idea in favour of the more simple classification of all streams of the same order into one class Strahler, For ecological studies of rivers, each system has its advantages.

The former is of use when considering the evolution of some characteristic, for example fish catch, along the whole length of the river. The latter is a more natural grouping and is useful in generalized studies in that streams of any particular order tend to form sets, members of which can be considered together. Sudden changes in faunal abundance are not uncommon below the junction of streams, particularly those of similar order, where abrupt differences in flow, sediment load and other hydrological factors produce correspondingly gross changes in the channel of the river.

These, in turn, lead to a shift in the ecological factors favouring one species group over another. Clear relationships emerge between the numbers and lengths of streams of each order, whichever system of ordering is adopted. These show that the number of streams of different order in a watershed increases with decreasing order, according to a logarithmic relationship of the form:.

The length of streams of any order L s decreases with decreasing order s in a similar manner:. The factors for a and b, x and y will vary according to continent or climatic zone. These equations imply that the majority of the channel length in any river basin is located in a very large number of small lower order tributaries.

One of the most important factors determining the distribution of living forms in fluvial systems is the rate of flow. This, in turn, influences a number of physical or chemical factors such as dissolved oxygen concentration or temperature, which act directly on the fish. As described above, rivers may be separated into two main categories, those in which flow is reasonably constant throughout the year and those in which the amount of water in the system varies seasonally.

Rivers of the first category are found naturally in certain well watered parts of the temperate zone, in some tropical highlands and in the heavily forested equatorial tropics.

The number of such rivers has grown because human activities for river control usually result in an evening out of the flow throughout the year. In this way, many rivers in the temperate zone and an increasing number in the tropics have much more regular flows now than in their previous undisturbed state. Rivers in which seasonal variations in flow are produced by changes in rainfall during the year are however still in the majority.

The type of flow regime depends on the area of the drainage basin of the stream concerned.

As illustrated in Fig. As basin area increases the extreme variations in flow from the smaller component basins are averaged out to give progressively smoother flood curves. The figure also indicates another feature, that the flood curve moves down river at a finite speed. This means that, in long river systems, the peak flood may arrive long after the rainy season, or that flood regimes in the lower reaches of the river may be complicated by the arrival of floods from two or more large tributaries whose flood peaks differ in time.

In rivers with reasonably constant flow, there are few changes in physical features throughout the year, and in such rivers any seasonality arises from climatic variables other than precipitation, such as temperature. By contrast, in those rivers which have a regular annual succession of high and low waters there are corresponding changes in the form of the aquatic system and in the types of habitats available to the living organisms. In the steep, rhithron-like reaches of the river, the distinction between pool and riffle may be lost during the flood. However, as flow falls, the separation between the two zones increases until, during the dry season, the riffles may dry out leaving a series of disconnected pools.

In the potamon the changes in the aquatic system are more complex. During the dry season the water is confined within the main river channels and in permanent water bodies of the floodplain. In extreme cases, the main channel may itself break down into a series of pools. With the onset of the local rains, the floodplain becomes saturated and floodplain depressions begin to fill with rain water. When the flood arrives from upstream the water begins to rise in the river channel and eventually spills over through a system of channels to submerge the plain. During the falling flood the waters recede from the plain to occupy the river channels once more.

In so doing, the still flooded depressions become isolated and many of these slowly dry out during the dry season. Such a cycle whereby the aquatic system expands and contracts may occur once or twice per year. The physical and chemical characteristics of any aquatic system, acting together, determine the nature of the aquatic organisms inhabiting it.

The characteristics themselves originate from the interplay between land form and climate within the basin, and because such factors as discharge, flow-rate, channel width or silt load are linked by simple relationships, a relatively small number of ecological groupings emerge which have formed the basis for systematic study. Two aspects of the ecology of river systems are particularly important, as they provide the principal framework into which other considerations fit: longitudinal distribution within the system, or zonation in space, and seasonality, which corresponds to zonation in time.

Most unmodified rivers have sufficient variation in flow during the year to influence the behaviour of the living organisms. However, there are a considerable number of rivers in which flow varies little throughout the year, and their numbers are being added to as further systems come under control. In such systems the resident living aquatic communities remain relatively stable, although periodic influxes of visiting species might occur in response to changing conditions elsewhere in the system. Seasonality in such rivers arises from climatic variables other than flow, the most important of which is undoubtedly temperature, although day length may also play a significant role.

Temperature is largely dependent on latitude with an annual variability that increases with increasing distance from the Equator. The significance of temperature as a determining factor in seasonality, therefore, tends to increase with higher latitudes, although in most systems the favourable temperatures of spring and early summer coincide with the flood season.

In the systems in which this does not occur, there is an interplay between flow and temperature as dominant determining factors in seasonality, which seems complex and has not been fully studied to date. The generalized distinction made on the basis of morphology between rhithron and potamon reaches of rivers extends to the living aquatic communities. There are, however, many species, particularly fish, which ply between the two types of reach and must be considered inhabitants of the river system as a whole.

The figure also shows the time taken for the flood crest to travel downstream, indicated by arrow. The rhithron is characterized by turbulent flow and relatively low temperatures. Original Title. Other Editions 3. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up.

To ask other readers questions about There Is a River , please sign up. Lists with This Book. Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Jul 20, Hannah Notess rated it it was amazing Shelves: charleston-syllabus , writers-of-color. Turns out that Vincent Harding was not only all those things but also a historian and an excellent writer. Given that this book wades through a significant amount of American history, beginning with the start of the transatlantic slave trade and continuing to the passage of the 18th amendment, I found it riveting and fast-paced.

We are all familiar with the cliche, "History is written by the winners," but it's really hard to conceive of how true that is if you're in the winning group like me, as a white American and until you read a work of history that's written from a different perspective. This book starts with the premise that nobody wants to be enslaved rather obvious when you think about it and that enslaved Africans were to do anything they could to resist the horrors of captivity again, obvious when you think about it.

But because of the economic benefit, whites were going to do anything they could to justify the abuse of power.

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And they did. Starting from that perspective sheds a different light on the history I learned in school. Taken from that perspective, I suddenly become very suspicious of anyone who takes the view that nowadays, what we want when it comes to the constitution is to pursue the "founders' original intent.

Not so great. The other challenging this about this book in a very good way is that it questions the desire I have to imagine myself on the "good side" in history.

Reading accounts of how again and again blacks seeking freedom were pushed to the side and denied equality even by white abolitionists who were supposed to be their allies, it really sheds a new light both on the abolitionist movement of the day and the role of white people in current movements like BlackLivesMatter.