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The Romanization of Roman Britain

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DPReview Digital Photography. East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Deals and Shenanigans. Latin was employed freely in the towns of Britain, not only on serious occasions or by the upper classes, but by servants and work-people for the most accidental purposes.

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It was also used, at least by the upper classes, in the country. Plainly there did not exist in the towns that linguistic gulf between upper class and lower class which can be seen to-day in many cities of eastern Europe, where the employers speak one language and the employed another. On the other hand, it is possible that a different division existed, one which is perhaps in general rarer, but which can, or could, be paralleled in some Slavonic districts of Austria-Hungary.

That is, the townsfolk of all ranks and the upper class in the country may have spoken Latin, while the peasantry may have used Celtic. No actual evidence has been discovered to prove this. We may, however, suggest that it is not, in itself, an impossible or even an improbable linguistic division of Roman Britain, even though the province did not contain any such racial differences as those of German, Pole, Ruthene and Rouman which lend so much interest to Austrian towns like Czernowitz. London , xxiii. The letters were impressed by a wooden cylinder with incised lettering, which was rolled over the tile while still soft.

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In the reconstruction CAB in line 2 and IT in line 3 are included twice, to show the method of repetition. But other portions of the same counties, southern Kent, northern Sussex, western Somerset, show very few traces of any settled life at all. The midland plain, and in particular Warwickshire,[1] seems to have been the largest of these 'thin spots'.

Here, among great woodlands and on damp and chilly clay, there dwelt not merely few civilized RomanBritons, but few occupants of any sort. It was, I think, normal in quality and indeed not very dissimilar from that of many parts of Gaul. But it was in any case defective in quantity. We find towns in Britain, as elsewhere, and farms or countryhouses. But the towns are small and somewhat few, and the countryhouses indicate comfort more often than wealth. The costlier objects of ordinary use, fine mosaics, precious glass, gold and silver ornaments, occur comparatively seldom.

They may seem scanty, but they deserve examination. First, in respect of language. Even before the Claudian conquest of A. These legends are not merely blind and unintelligent copies, like the imitations of Roman legends on the early English sceattas.

The Romanization of Roman Britain

The word most often used, REX, is strange to the Roman coinage, and must have been employed with a real sense of its meaning. After A. No Celtic inscription occurs, I believe, on any monument of the Roman period in Britain, neither cut on stone nor scratched on tile or potsherd, and this fact is the more noteworthy because, as I shall point out below, Celtic inscriptions are not at all unknown in Gaul. On the other hand, Roman inscriptions occur freely in Britain.

They are less common than in many other provinces, and they abound most in the military region. But they appear also in towns and countryhouses, and some of the instances are significant. The town site that we can best examine for our present purpose is Calleva or Silchester, ten miles south of Reading, which has been completely excavated with care and thoroughness. Here a few fairly complete inscriptions on stone have been discovered, and many fragments of others, which prove that the public language of the town was Latin.

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When we find a tile scratched over with cursive letteringpossibly part of a writing lessonwhich ends with a tag from the Aeneid, we recognize that not even Vergil was out of place here. For the 'Clementinus' tile discovered since see Archaeologia, lviii. Silchester lies in a stoneless country, so that stone inscriptions would naturally be few and would easily be used up for later building.


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    5. Moreover, its cemeteries have not yet been explored, and only one tombstone has come accidentally to light. Thompson, Greek and Latin Palaeography , p. Fecit tubul um Clementinus. Pertacus perfidus campester Lucilianus Campanus conticuere omnes. Probably a writing lesson. This doubt really rests on a misconception of the Empire.

    It is, indeed, akin to the surprise which tourists often exhibit when confronted with Roman remains in an excavation or a museuma surprise that 'the Romans' had boots, or beds, or waterpipes, or fireplaces, or roofs over their heads. There are, in truth, abundant evidences that the labouring man in Roman days knew how to read and write at need, and there is much truth in the remark that in the lands ruled by Rome education was better under the Empire than at any time since its fall till the nineteenth century.

    It has, indeed, been suggested by doubters, that these graffiti were written by immigrant Italians, working The Romanization of Roman Britain as labourers or servants in Calleva.

    The suggestion does not seem probable. Italians certainly emigrated to the provinces in considerable numbers, just as Italians emigrate today. But we have seen above that the ancient emigrants were not labourers, as they are today. They were traders, or dealers in land, or moneylenders or other 'welltodo' persons. The labourers and servants of Calleva must be sought among the native population, and the graffiti testify that this population wrote Latin.

    It is a further question whether, besides writing Latin, the Callevan servants and workmen may not also have spoken Celtic. Here direct evidence fails. In the nature of things, we cannot hope for proof of the negative proposition that Celtic was not spoken in Silchester. But all probabilities suggest that it was, at any rate, spoken very little.

    In the twenty years' excavation of the site, no Celtic inscription has emerged. Instead, we have proof that the lower classes wrote Latin for all sorts of purposes. Had they known Celtic well, it is hardly credible that they should not have sometimes written in that language, as the Gauls did across the Channel. A Gaulish potter of Roman date could scrawl his name and record, Sacrillos avot, 'Sacrillus potter', on the outside of a mould.

    The Gauls, again, could invent a special letter Eth to denote a special Celtic sound and keep it in Roman times. No such letter was used in Roman Britain, though it occurs on earlier British coins. This total absence of written Celtic cannot be a mere accident. Another example, Valens avoti Dechelette, Vases ceramiques, i.

    Roman Britain

    None, therefore, has yielded so much evidence. But we have no reason to consider Silchester exceptional in its character.