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We were then told that the supply of natural gas would last only thirty years. Now the thirty years are over, but shale gas has extended the supply to a couple of centuries. While the price of oil goes up and up, the price of gas goes down. In America, coal is a bloody fight in the dark. Gas is a clean cellar which became the kids playroom. The most important improvements of the human condition caused by new technologies are often unexpected before they happen and quickly forgotten afterwards. My grandmother was born around in the industrial West Riding of Yorkshire.

She said that the really important change in working-class homes when she was young was the change from tallow candles to wax candles. With wax candles you could read comfortably at night. With tallow candles you could not. Compared with that, the later change from wax candles to electric light was not so important.

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According to my grandmother, wax candles did more than government schools to produce a literate working class. Shale gas is like wax candles. It is not a perfect solution to our economic and environmental problems, but it is here when it is needed, and it makes an enormous difference to the human condition. Matt Ridley gives us a fair and even-handed account of the environmental costs and benefits of shale gas. The lessons to be learned are clear. The environmental costs of shale gas are much smaller than the environmental costs of coal.

Because of shale gas, the air in Beijing will be cleaned up as the air in London was cleaned up sixty years ago. Because of shale gas, clean air will no longer be a luxury that only rich countries can afford. Because of shale gas, wealth and health will be distributed more equitably over the face of our planet.

Brendan Burns – Research – sophieameliaharding

Freeman Dyson, 22 April 3. Summary Shale gas is proving to be an abundant new source of energy in the United States. Because it is globally ubiquitous and can probably be produced both cheaply and close to major markets, it promises to stabilise and lower gas prices relative to oil prices. This could happen even if, in investment terms, a speculative bubble may have formed in the rush to drill for shale gas in North America.

Shale Gas Materials

Abundant and low-cost shale gas probably will where politics allows cause gas to take or defend market share from coal, nuclear and renewables in the electricity generating market, and from oil in the transport market, over coming decades. It will also keep the price of nitrogen fertiliser low and hence keep food prices down, other things being equal.

None the less, shale gas faces a formidable host of enemies in the coal, nuclear, renewable and environmental industries all keen, it seems, to strangle it at birth, especially in Europe. It undoubtedly carries environmental risks, which may be exploited to generate sufficient public concern to prevent its expansion in much of western Europe and parts of North America, even though the evidence suggests that these hazards are much smaller than in competing industries. Elsewhere, though, increased production of shale gas looks inevitable. A surge in gas production and use may prove to be both the cheapest and most effective way to hasten the decarbonisation of the world economy, given the cost and land requirements of most renewables.

Introduction 1. The detection and exploitation of shale gas has been described as nothing less than a revolution in the world energy industry, promising to transform not only the prospects of the gas industry, but of world energy trade, geopolitics and climate policy. Production of unconventional gas in the U. It is no wonder that its success has sparked such international interest A few years ago the United States was ready to import gas.


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In it had become the world's biggest gas producer. This is phenomenal, unbelievable. The claim made by shale gass champions is that, in defiance of early scepticism, shale gas is proving to be: ubiquitous, with the result that it promises to be developed near to markets rather than in places where it happens to be abundant, like oil; cheap, with the result that it promises gradually to take market share from nuclear, coal and renewable energy and to replace oil in some transport and industrial uses; environmentally benign, with the result that it promises to reduce pollution and accelerate the decarbonisation of the world economy.

This report considers these claims and assesses them against various counter-claims. It finds that although there are considerable uncertainties that make hyperbole unwise, shale gas will undoubtedly prove to be a significant new force in the world energy scene, with far-reaching consequences. Geological definitions 4. Shale gas is one form of unconventional gas extracted from source rocks such as shale, coal and sandstone.

Shale is a common form of fine-grained sedimentary rock laid down as mud in relatively calm seas or lakes. Black shale is shale that was laid down in especially anoxic conditions on the floors of stagnant seas and is rich in organic compounds derived from bacterial, plant and animal matter. Conventional gas is gas that has migrated, usually from shale, to permeable reservoirs, predominantly sandstone. Shale gas is gas that remains tightly trapped in shale and consists chiefly of methane, but with ethane, propane, butane and other organic compounds mixed in.

It forms when black shale has been subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, usually at depths of 5,, feet. Coal-bed methane is gas trapped in coal seams that can be tapped by similar methods to those used for shale gas.

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Tight sand gas is gas held in sandstone reservoirs that are unusually impermeable; it can be extracted by fracturing the rock. Shale gas drilling 5. The technology of shale gas production is changing all the time, but the basic steps are these: Seismic exploration. Underground rock formations are mapped using sound waves and 3D reconstruction to identify the depth and thickness of appropriate shales. This may be done from the air, desktop re-analysing old data or ground survey.

Pad construction. A platform for the drilling rig is levelled and hard-cored over an area of about 5 acres. Vertical drilling. A small drilling derrick drills up to 12 holes down to the shale rock, encasing the borehole in five concentric sleeves of steel and concrete near the surface, falling to one sleeve as the depth increases. Suitable shales are typically 4,, feet below the surface. Horizontal drilling.

A larger drilling derrick, feet high, is assembled on site and slant-drills each well horizontally into the shale formation for up to 4, feet in different directions, using gas sensors to ensure it stays within the seam. The derrick is then removed after about days and the wellhead capped. The concrete casing of the horizontal pipe is perforated with small explosive charges and water mixed with sand is pumped through the holes at 5, psi pounds per square inch to fracture the rock with hairline cracks up to 1, feet from the pipe.

The sand is used to prop open the fissures, finer sand being used as the cracks propagate further from the pipe. This takes about days. The effectiveness of fracking is rising, as stage fracking replaces 5-stage fracking. Waste disposal. Tanks collect water that flows back out of the well.

The water is generally reused in future fracking, or desalinated and disposed of as waste water through the sewage system. A Christmas tree valve assembly about the size of a garden shed, and a set of small tanks about the size of a small garage, remains on site to collect gas and small quantities of oil , which then flows through underground pipes to a large compressor station serving a large number of wellheads and onwards to trunk pipelines.

Thereafter the output falls very slowly and wells are expected to continue supplying gas for about years. There is considerable disagreement over how rapidly gas production declines during this period. History 7.

Hydraulic fracking of rock to open pores and allow the extraction of hydrocarbons dates back to the s. Horizontal drilling was already in use in the oil industry in the s but improved in the s. Seismic exploration was also old, but growing computer power led to the development of sophisticated 3D reconstructions of rock strata in the s. This turned conventional wisdom on its head.

Brendan Burns – Research

Shales had always been thought unprofitable rocks, not because they lacked hydrocarbons they derive from muds rich in organic matter laid down in ancient seas or lakes but because they were not permeable enough for the oil or gas to escape. The Barnett Shale in the Fort Worth Basin was the first to be developed and surprised many forecasters by its extent and the productivity of its wells. Mitchell was then acquired by Devon Energy, bringing the expertise of horizontal drilling.

The success of Mitchell spun off imitators and attracted rivals to learn the new technology. Some of these then began to hunt out other shale basins, including the Fayetteville and Woodford Shales in Arkansas and Oklahoma, first developed in , and the Haynesville Shale in Louisiana, first developed in He suggested the use of hydraulic fracking of the Marcellus Shale. Range Resources returned to Washington County, Pennsylvania, and hydraulically fracked 3 the Renz 1 well in October , to stimulate gas flow.

Over the next three years it perfected 4 the formula for stimulating quantities of gas from the Marcellus shale. When Range announced in December that it had succeeded in producing a flow of 22 million cubic feet of gas per day from seven horizontal wells, geologists led by Terry Engelder of Penn State University realised that the sheer extent of the Marcellus Formation, a black shale laid down in 5 a stagnant sea million years ago, implied a large resource, of perhaps 50 Tcf. Yet even this estimate proved conservative.

Yet it is possible that the Marcellus shale could be not only the largest gas field ever discovered in North America, but possibly larger than any conventional gas field in Russia, the Middle East or North Africa bar the giant South Pars field shared by Qatar and 7 Iran. In arguing for high recovery rates from Marcellus, shale gas champions maintain that shallow wells which have been subjected to less gas-creating pressure and heat in the Northeastern part of the Marcellus shale are among the most productive.

And Marcellus is only one of three overlapping shale strata in the Appalachian Basin. The Utica and Devonian shales cover similarly large areas, extending into Quebec and Ohio respectively. Neither is yet fully tested. They consider it likely that this will also happen in the Marcellus Shale, raising both 8 the risk and cost incurred drilling unproductive wells and lead to lower recovery percentages.

There is thus considerable uncertainty about how much gas the Marcellus Shale will eventually produce. Combining the probable, possible and speculative quantities in the Marcellus, Haynesville, Barnett, Woodville and other shales, together with conventional fields, the Potential Gas Committee of the Colorado School of Mines PGC , estimated in that America holds 2, Tcf of gas.

Peak gas? Until , most experts believed that world natural gas supplies would run out sooner than oil or coal supplies. The exhaustion of natural gas reserves has been regularly predicted.