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Table of contents

Standard measurements attained included a wing chord length of The bird is sexually dimorphic , as seen in the picture to the right. It is shiny blue-black with white markings on its neck and back and extensive white on the trailing edge of both the upper- and underwing. The underwing is also white along its forward edge, resulting in a black line running along the middle of the underwing, expanding to more extensive black at the wingtip.

In adults, the bill is ivory in color, and chalky white in juveniles. Ivory-bills have a prominent crest, although in juveniles it is ragged. The crest is black in juveniles and females.

In males, the crest is black along its forward edge, changing abruptly to red on the side and rear. The chin of an ivory-billed woodpecker is black.

When perched with the wings folded, birds of both sexes present a large patch of white on the lower back, roughly triangular in shape. These characteristics distinguish them from the smaller and darker-billed pileated woodpecker.

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The pileated woodpecker normally is brownish-black, smoky, or slaty black in color. It also has a white neck stripe, but the back is normally black. Pileated woodpecker juveniles and adults have a red crest and a white chin. Pileated woodpeckers normally have no white on the trailing edges of their wings and when perched, normally show only a small patch of white on each side of the body near the edge of the wing.

However, pileated woodpeckers, apparently aberrant individuals, have been reported with white trailing edges on the wings, forming a white triangular patch on the lower back when perched. Like all woodpeckers, the ivory-billed woodpecker has a strong and straight bill and a long, mobile, hard-tipped, barbed tongue. Among North American woodpeckers, the ivory-billed woodpecker is unique in having a bill whose tip is quite flattened laterally, shaped much like a beveled wood chisel.

Overall it is a very large and distinctive woodpecker with a charismatic, very clean and smooth appearance. The bird's drum is a single or double rap. Four fairly distinct calls are reported in the literature and two were recorded in the s.

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The most common, a kent or hant , sounds like a toy trumpet often repeated in a series. When the bird is disturbed, the pitch of the kent note rises, it is repeated more frequently, and it is often doubled.

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A conversational call, also recorded, is given between individuals at the nest, and has been described as kent-kent-kent. A recording of the bird, made by Arthur A. Allen, can be found here. Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of ivory-billed woodpeckers is largely derived from James Tanner's study of several birds in a tract of forest along the Tensas river in the late s. The extent to which that data can be extrapolated to ivory-bills as a whole remains an open question. Prior to the American Civil War , much of the Southern United States was covered in vast and continuous primeval hardwood forests that were suitable as habitat for the bird.

At that time, the ivory-billed woodpecker ranged from eastern Texas to North Carolina , and from southern Illinois to Florida and Cuba. The preferred food of the ivory-billed woodpecker is beetle larvae, with roughly half of recorded stomach contents composed of large beetle larvae, particularly of species from the Cerambycidae family, [19] with Scolytidae beetles also recorded.

Hence, they occur at low densities even in healthy populations. The last areas to have the bird, including the Singer Tract, were described to be incredible and primeval landscapes of old-growth swamp and forest, remnants of the eastern wilderness. They often had other disappearing species with similar habitat needs, such as the red wolf and eastern cougar. The ivory-billed woodpecker is thought to mate for life.

Pairs are also known to travel together. These paired birds mate every year between January and May. Both parents work together to excavate a cavity in a tree about 15—70 feet 4. Eggs are typically laid in April or May, with a few records of eggs laid as early as mid-February. Once the young hatch, both parents forage to bring food to them. The parents continue feeding them for another two months. The family eventually splits up in late fall or early winter. Ivory-billed woodpeckers are not migratory, and pairs are frequently observed to nest within a few hundred meters of previous nests year after year.

Ornithologists speculate that they may live as long as 30 years. Heavy logging activity exacerbated by hunting by collectors devastated the population of ivory-billed woodpeckers in the late 19th century. It was generally considered extremely rare, and some ornithologists believed it extinct by the s.

In , Arthur Augustus Allen found a nesting pair in Florida, which local taxidermists shot for specimens. The team made the only universally-accepted audio and motion picture recordings of the ivory-billed woodpecker. Tanner spent studying the ivory billed woodpeckers on the Singer tract and travelling across the southern United States searching for other populations as part of his thesis work.

At that time, he estimated there were birds remaining, of which were on the Singer tract. The last universally accepted sighting of an ivory billed woodpecker in the United States was made on the Singer tract by Audubon Society artist Don Eckelberry in April , [43] when logging of the tract was nearly complete.

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The ivory-billed woodpecker was listed as an endangered species on March 11, by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The ivory-billed woodpecker has been assessed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Since there have been regular reports of ivory-billed woodpeckers being seen or heard across the southeastern United States, particularly in Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and South Carolina. Similarly, in many cases, reports of hearing the kent call of the ivory-billed woodpecker were mis-identifications of a similar call sometimes made by blue jays.

In , the Audubon Society established a wildlife sanctuary along the Chipola River after a group led by University of Florida graduate student Whitney Eastman reported a pair of ivory-billed woodpeckers with a roost hole. In , ornithologist John Dennis , sponsored by the U. Fish and Wildlife Service , reported sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers along the Neches River in Texas. Agey and G. Heinzmann reported observing one or two ivory-billed woodpeckers in Highlands County, Florida on eleven occasions from to The feather is stored at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

It had been collected in Florida in Louisiana State University museum director George Lowery presented two photos at the annual meeting of the American Ornithologists Union which show what appeared to be a male ivory-billed woodpecker. In a Louisiana State University forestry student reported an extended viewing of a pair of birds at close range in the Pearl River region of southeast Louisiana, which some experts found very compelling.

Fish and Wildlife Service, and U. Forest Service. Gene Spalding reported seeing an ivory-billed woodpecker in Cache River National Wildlife Refuge in , prompting Tim Gallagher and Bobby Harrison to investigate, who also observed a bird they identified as an ivory-billed woodpecker. An expedition led by John W. Fitzpatrick of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology followed, which reported seven convincing sightings of an ivory-billed woodpecker.

The team also heard and recorded possible double-knock and kent calls, and produced a video with four seconds of footage of a large woodpecker, which they identified as an ivory-billed woodpecker due to its size, field marks, and flight pattern. A second search in produced no unambiguous encounters with ivory-billed woodpeckers.

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The collaboration subsequently conducted searches in Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, but found no clear indications of ivory-billed woodpeckers in any of those searches, [47] at which point they concluded their efforts. Sibley published a response arguing the bird in the video could have a morphology consistent with a pileated woodpecker, [68] and a second team argued the flight characteristics may not be diagnostic. Scientists from Auburn University and the University of Windsor published a paper describing a search for ivory-billed woodpeckers along the Choctawhatchee River from , during which they recorded 14 sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers, 41 occasions on which double-knocks or kent calls were heard, occasions on which double-knocks or kent calls were recorded, and analysis of those recordings, and of tree cavities and bark stripping by woodpeckers they found consistent with the behavior of ivory-billed woodpeckers, but inconsistent with the behavior of pileated woodpeckers.

A scientist from the Naval Research Laboratory reported ten sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers between and , obtained video evidence in the Pearl River in and and the Choctawhatchee River in , explored the use of drones for searching and surveying habitats, and analyzed the elusiveness and double knocks of this species. Jack and Helena go toe to toe with a dangerous enemy while the Hoax Hunters face a foe of their own - a giant monster camped out in a French mansion. Get on board today with Season 2 of the hit series!

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