Guide Out of the Nest and Into the World: Hints & Tips for the Newly Independent

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These types of comment allow us to keep all of our documentation in one place whilst referring to the parts of the ruleset to which they belong. With most—if not all—preprocessors, we have the option to write comments that will not get compiled out into our resulting CSS file. As a rule, use these comments to document code that would not get written out to that CSS file either. If you are documenting code which will get compiled, use comments that will compile also. For example, this is correct:.

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This means that we have only the correct and relevant information available to us when debugging our compiled stylesheets. It should go without saying that no comments should make their way into production environments—all CSS should be minified, resulting in loss of comments, before being deployed. Naming conventions in CSS are hugely useful in making your code more strict, more transparent, and more informative. The naming convention I follow is very simple: hyphen - delimited strings, with BEM-like naming for more complex pieces of code.

All strings in classes are delimited with a hyphen - , like so:. For larger, more interrelated pieces of UI that require a number of classes, we use a BEM-like naming convention. Whilst BEM is a complete methodology, here we are only concerned with its naming convention. Further, the naming convention here only is BEM- like ; the principles are exactly the same, but the actual syntax differs slightly.

Here we can see that. Your Block context starts at the most logical, self-contained, discrete location. If we did want to denote a. A more realistic example of properly scoped blocks might look something like this, where each chunk of code represents its own Block:. It is important to know when BEM scope starts and stops.

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That is to say, the correct notation would be. Your classes do not reflect the full paper-trail of the DOM.

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You can have variants of Elements, and these can be denoted in a number of ways depending on how and why they are being modified. Carrying on with our person example, a blue eye might look like this:. Things can get more complex, however. But what if that person is handsome, and we want to style their face because of that fact? A regular face on a handsome person:. Note that we do not nest a new instance of.


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This means that all of our. This is general good practice when dealing with nested code: keep all of your context e. Take the following, non-naming-conventioned HTML:. How are the classes box and profile related to each other? How are the classes profile and avatar related to each other? Are they related at all? Should you be using pro-user alongside bio? Will the classes image and profile live in the same part of the CSS? Can you use avatar anywhere else? From that markup alone, it is very hard to answer any of those questions. Using a naming convention, however, changes all that:.


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It is much cleaner, much more transparent, and much more maintainable to bind your JS onto specific classes. I have known occasions before when trying to refactor some CSS has unwittingly removed JS functionality because the two were tied to each other—it was impossible to have one without the other. Typically, these are classes that are prepended with js- , for example:.

This means that we can have an element elsewhere which can carry with style of. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, one of the most fundamental, critical aspects of writing maintainable and scalable CSS is selectors.

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Their specificity, their portability, and their reusability all have a direct impact on the mileage we will get out of our CSS, and the headaches it might bring us. Selector Intent is the process of deciding and defining what you want to style and how you will go about selecting it. This is poor Selector Intent: you can have any number of header elements on a page, and they in turn can house any number of ul s, so a selector like this runs the risk of applying very specific styling to a very wide number of elements.

This will result in having to write more CSS to undo the greedy nature of such a selector. An unambiguous, explicit selector with good Selector Intent. We are explicitly selecting the right thing for exactly the right reason. Writing rules that are far too greedy—and that apply very specific treatments via very far reaching selectors—causes unexpected side effects and leads to very tangled stylesheets, with selectors overstepping their intentions and impacting and interfering with otherwise unrelated rulesets.

CSS cannot be encapsulated, it is inherently leaky, but we can mitigate some of these effects by not writing such globally-operating selectors: your selectors should be as explicit and well reasoned as your reason for wanting to select something. With a move toward a more component-based approach to constructing UIs, the idea of reusability is paramount.

We want the option to be able to move, recycle, duplicate, and syndicate components across our projects. To this end, we make heavy use of classes. IDs, as well as being hugely over-specific, cannot be used more than once on any given page, whereas classes can be reused an infinite amount of times. Everything you choose, from the type of selector to its name, should lend itself toward being reused. Given the ever-changing nature of most UI projects, and the move to more component-based architectures, it is in our interests not to style things based on where they are, but on what they are.

Not only does this have poor Selector Intent—it will greedily style any and every link inside of a. A far better selector would have been:. This single class can be reused anywhere outside of. Reducing, or, ideally, removing, location dependence means that we can move components around our markup more freely, but how about improving our ability to move classes around components? On a much lower level, there are changes we can make to our selectors that make the selectors themselves—as opposed to the components they create—more portable.

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Take the following example:. This is a qualified selector; the leading input ties this ruleset to only being able to work on input elements. By omitting this qualification, we allow ourselves to reuse the. Qualified selectors do not lend themselves well to being reused, and every selector we write should be authored with reuse in mind. Of course, there are times when you may want to legitimately qualify a selector—you might need to apply some very specific styling to a particular element when it carries a certain class, for example:. This is one example where a qualified selector might be justifiable, but I would still recommend an approach more like:.

This means that we can apply. One thing that qualified selectors can be useful for is signalling where a class might be expected or intended to be used, for example:. Here we can see that the. By using quasi-qualified selectors we can still provide that information without actually qualifying the selector:.

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By commenting out the leading element, we can still leave it to be read, but avoid qualifying and increasing the specificity of the selector. As Phil Karlton once said, There are only two hard things in Computer Science: cache invalidation and naming things. My advice with regard to naming things in CSS is to pick a name that is sensible, but somewhat ambiguous: aim for high reusability.

For example, instead of a class like.


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