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Images of the Modern Woman in Asia: Global Media, Local Meanings. Front Cover. Shoma Munshi. Routledge, Jan 11, - Social Science - pages.
Table of contents
- Images of the Modern Woman in Asia: Global Media, Local Meanings
- Feedback Survey
- Flight from the Womb | positions: asia critique | Duke University Press
- Charles & Keith – A Truly Successful Asian Global Fast Fashion Retail Brand
Its topography encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from nearly impenetrable mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands.
Images of the Modern Woman in Asia: Global Media, Local Meanings
Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world. Probably the single most identifiable characteristic of China to the people of the rest of the world is the size of its population. Some one-fifth of humanity is of Chinese nationality.
The great majority of the population is Chinese Han , and thus China is often characterized as an ethnically homogeneous country, but few countries have as wide a variety of indigenous peoples as does China. Even among the Han there are cultural and linguistic differences between regions; for example, the only point of linguistic commonality between two individuals from different parts of China may be the written Chinese language.
With more than 4, years of recorded history , China is one of the few existing countries that also flourished economically and culturally in the earliest stages of world civilization. Indeed, despite the political and social upheavals that frequently have ravaged the country, China is unique among nations in its longevity and resilience as a discrete politico-cultural unit. This relative isolation from the outside world made possible over the centuries the flowering and refinement of the Chinese culture, but it also left China ill prepared to cope with that world when, from the midth century, it was confronted by technologically superior foreign nations.
There followed a century of decline and decrepitude, as China found itself relatively helpless in the face of a foreign onslaught. The trauma of this external challenge became the catalyst for a revolution that began in the early 20th century against the old regime and culminated in the establishment of a communist government in In addition to low piece rates, homeworkers — who have to cover many of the costs of production, including workplace, equipment, and utilities — often are not paid on time, and sometimes must wait months.
Home-based garment workers in the IEMS were directly affected by larger economic trends such as the global recession. In Ahmedabad, for example, global recession had a significant and lingering impact on the garment sector. Many garment workers had no work for months and work volumes remained low in Almost half said work orders had decreased over the last year. Also, there is evidence to suggest that contract labour prevalence in garment manufacture increased following the global financial crisis in India both north and south and possibly in Bangladesh Chan Economic crises exacerbate poverty and risk for garment workers.
HomeNet Thailand found that during the economic crisis in the late s, the garment industry in many Asian countries declined, piece-rate wages and job orders dropped dramatically, and payments were delayed while costs rose HomeNet Electricity shortages and load-shedding have had severe effects on the livelihoods of home-based garment workers, especially in Pakistan. Reduced production reduces the ability to meet daily food requirements, so they must work harder and longer hours when electricity is available to complete their orders.
If they cannot get their orders completed, the intermediary gives work to others instead. Many workers have shifted to manual machines, so that they can work in daylight to complete their work. In Ahmedabad, too, costly and unreliable electricity caused home-based garment workers to use manual sewing machines, which produce lower-quality products and are more costly to maintain.
Feedback Survey
For home-based garment workers in the IEMS study, small and inadequate housing was a major problem. A small house hampers productivity as a worker cannot take bulk work orders as she cannot store raw materials. Work is also interrupted by the competing needs of other household activities. Poor quality housing was also problematic.
In all three IEMS cities, women reported that monsoon rains force them to suspend or reduce production. Equipment, raw materials or finished goods get damaged when roofs leak or houses flood. Transport issues also emerged as significant for homeworkers in the IEMS study.
Flight from the Womb | positions: asia critique | Duke University Press
Since the women must travel to obtain raw materials and supply produced goods, increased public transport costs and travel distances impact the viability of their enterprises. About one quarter of the sample who spend money on transport actually operate at a loss. Home-based garment works rarely have appropriate protective equipment and may be unaware of safety measures.
Health risks in the garment industry include repetitive strain, dust from cloth pieces and, in the case of some dyes, exposure to poisonous chemicals Laungaramsri Family members can be equally at risk of exposure due to shared living and working space.
Charles & Keith – A Truly Successful Asian Global Fast Fashion Retail Brand
Garment workers who participated in the IEMS study in both India and Pakistan said they suffer from backache and eye strain. Global value-chain analyses often shed little light on the working conditions of garment and textile workers.
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The major chains and retailers can be unaware of how many homeworkers are actually involved in fulfilling their orders, or may turn a blind eye to the working conditions of this segment of their workforce Carr et al. C calls for national policies to promote equality of treatment between homeworkers and other wage earners.
It also specifies areas where such equality of treatment should be promoted, including inclusion in labour force statistics. Around the globe, home-based worker organizations have advocated for their national governments to ratify and implement C In Thailand, a rising global demand for cheap, labour-intensive goods spurred regional competition and put pressure on Thailand's manufacturers to cut costs.
Casual employment and subcontracting to homeworkers was a strategy to circumvent labour laws and lower costs Doane HomeNet Thailand , with support from WIEGO and other partners, campaigned for more than a decade to win legislative protection for homeworkers. Both the Homeworkers Protection Act B. The law mandates fair wages —including equal pay for men and women doing the same job — be paid to workers who complete work at home for an industrial enterprise. The Kathmandu Declaration addresses the rights of South Asian home-based workers.
Having policies in place, however, is only a first step. In the Philippines, for example, the specific rights of homeworkers have been recognized since However, the existence of progressive labour laws does not guarantee their enforcement, as the passage below shows:. An interview with a manager in a relatively low profile firm in the Philippines that makes both garments and textiles … offered an interesting perspective on law enforcement. Instead, she was taken to a remote village in Haryana and sold into marriage with a man almost 30 years older than her. At a safe house run by Empower People , an anti-trafficking charity which helped reunite her and her mother, Tahmina drew a picture that revealed what she had been through.
On pink paper, she sketched stick figures travelling by bus, train and car. A few weeks later, and after counselling, Tahmina feels able to talk about her experience.
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Strange men were coming to see me and offering money and my own sister was outside that room knowing what was going to happen to me. Tahmina escaped, but across north-west India, thousands of other women and girls are lost to their families and trapped in lives of sexual and domestic slavery as paros — meaning those who have been purchased or sold. For centuries, bride trafficking has been a booming business in the states of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan in north India. There is no official government data on the numbers who have fallen victim to trafficking rings, but it is believed that hundreds of thousands of women and girls, mainly from Assam, West Bengal, Jharkhand or Bihar, have been sold into marriage.
According to the National Crime Records Bureau , 33, people were kidnapped or abducted for the purpose of marriage. Half were under the age of Activists believe the scale of bride trafficking is still not properly understood. A door-to-door survey by Empower People found 1, trafficked wives living with their buyers in 85 villages in north India in Shafiq R Khan, the founder of Empower People, says that women and girls trafficked into marriage often face a bleak life of domestic and sexual servitude.
Many of these women are resold on the whim of their buyer.