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Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human. The term is Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in   ‎Ethics of cloning · ‎Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua · ‎Somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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They should also be aware that the surrogate dogs may have a very uncertain future. Also, they should realize that our society already has an excess of dogs, just waiting to be adopted. There are plenty of perfectly good dogs available if people want one. Since these dogs are routinely neutered but later are found to have fine service abilities, cloning is a practical solution.

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References: Clones of Dolly the Sheep age well [video]. Wall Street Journal website. Published July 26, Accessed October 4, Roy J. Barry Diller and Diane von Furstenberg cloned their dog, a perfectly reasonable thing to do. The Cut website. Published March 15, Accessed October 2, National Human Genome Research Institute. National Institutes of Health website.

Human cloning

Reviewed March 21, Hecht J. Thus these three analogies lack a critical component that might make them useful in this analysis. What seems to be of moral significance is the explicit generation of the essence of human nature though not, by my definition, a person to cure the donor of the nucleus, the source of the genetic information. Within my philosophical perspective, as I have indicated, what we would be generating at this point would be a human nature.

We would not yet have a person, though we would indeed have the biological substrate that is a necessary but not sufficient ground for a person. I do not think that abandoning my philosophical perspective is warranted, but I am morally uncomfortable with these developments. We are proceeding very rapidly into uncharted waters, and caution and public scrutiny are warranted.

Let me offer several sets of arguments herefirst, on the question of the moral standing of the embryo.


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I developed my position about the early embryo as an attempt to integrate modern embryology and ethics. I did not do it to justify a particular research protocol. Second, I see no reason to revise my ethical understanding of the embryo in the light of new scientific discoveries. The position stands or falls on its merits, not on its potential applications. Third, the fact that my understanding of the moral status of the embryo could be used to justify research protocols including obtaining stem cells from frozen, donated embryos and medical cloning does not in itself constitute a mandate to conduct such research.

That is a separate issue and needs much more ethical evaluation. A second set of arguments has to do with the research itself. In that research, many embryos were cloned, but they all died, and they died before stem cells could be produced. The eggs chemically stimulated to divide all died before a single cell division. Can such experiments be called successful, or at least successful enough for publication? While this is mainly a question for the scientific experts to determineseveral have said the research was not successfulthe results do show that cloning is at best a very inexact science and that there are many problems and unknown elements involved in it.


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Even if the goal of this research is the production not of a human being but of stem cells, much caution is needed as the experiments are developed, particularly since cells from such embryos will be implanted in humans. The conclusion here may be simply that we are really at too early a stage of the research to draw any meaningful ethical inferences.

A third set of concerns has to do with public policy issues. First, should we continue to practice high-tech rescue medicine, or should we begin thinking about allocating money to other preventative health care needs? Should our model of medicine continue to be what it has been for several decades, or should we begin to rethink that model in terms of prevention? Second, how do we set priorities for research? We obviously cannot fund all possible research proposals. The current method of allocating resources according to which proposal has the best spokesperson or lobbying group is no longer viable.

Third, also in terms of public policy, will ACT, by going so far so fast, generate so much negative publicity that restrictive legislation will be enacted that will halt all research? This would not be helpful for the biotech community in general, but it might occur. Fourth, those two announcements last November may create unrealistic expectations on the part of the ill. Those announcements, scientifically interesting as they may have been, report only a few experiments and are only early steps in a very lengthy process of developing a therapy. I conclude that although my positionthat the early embryo is not a personwould in principle permit research for medical cloning, such research is premature at this time for the reasons suggested above.

This is an area of research that is going off in a very particular direction and includes many presuppositions about health and health policy, just as embryonic stem cell therapy does. Also, the method itself is not yet perfected. While the moral standing of the blastocyst is surely an important consideration in the ethical evaluation of this research, it is by no means the only criterion to be applied in the ethical analysis of this research. The issue is further complicated by the question of parthenogenesisconception without fertilization.

We have known since Dolly that mammalian life can begin without fertilization. That is mind-bending enough. But now we have the case of a human egg that has been chemically stimulated into dividing: no cloning, no new genetic information from the donor nucleusjust an egg that begins to divide. Depending on what happens within this egg, we may have some new questions about human origins to consider.

America: Animal and Human Cloning | Center for Genetics and Society

What do we call this organism? Since the egg has but 23 chromosomes, and it takes 46 to make a human being, what do we have here? Could such an organism develop beyond more than a few cell divisions? This process of parthenogenic cell division really stretches the categories, if it does not in fact break them down entirely.

No longer the wackadoodle scheme it once was

If this organism has only 23 chromosomes and can therefore be said not to present the case of a human genome, then its use would not create a problem associated with the moral category of personhood. This may be a safer way to go morally and is in fact why that research initiative was undertaken. But without the presence of a Y chromosome, will therapies based on cells from a partheongenically generated organism be applicable to males, or will such research be useful for women only?

Given that most research has been predicated upon male physiology, many might argue that turnabout is only fair play!

Human Cloning

But the critical issue here is how to think of such an organism, if in fact it has 23 chromosomes but is dividing and developing. This demands much more thought and research. Research using human embryonic material is proceeding faster than anyone would have predicted even two years ago. It is proceeding so fast, in fact, that we do not have time to comprehend the implications. And it is proceeding so fast that the expectations it generates might in fact prevent a careful analysis of those implications.

This in itself is an argument for some sort of public oversight of all research involving human genetic material. Dolly the sheep Gallup released its annual Values and Beliefs survey on June 4th. This is the 18th year in which Gallup has conducted its poll about the moral acceptability of various topics, including human cloning, animal cloning, and since medical research using stem cells obtained from human embryos. CGS has been keeping track of public opinion studies, especially on inheritable genetic modification and human cloning , as well as animal and pet cloning , with some data going back as far This podcast discussion peeks into the world projected by J.

Lasica in his new genetics thriller novel, Biohack. Main navigation. Search Search Donate.

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