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Jul 8, - What would it be like to outlive our kids? Tendai Tomu Forever is a very long time and as they say nothing can last forever! I don't know how.
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Some say our first 1, days — including the days we spend in the womb — set the tone for the decades that follow. They collected tissue from the placenta and blood from the umbilical cord, did a full health check on mother and child, and found out all they could about their living conditions — including income and diet. One of the most important biological markers in the blood and in cells from the placenta are telomeres, the protective caps of DNA at the end of your chromosomes.

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Short telomeres equal short life. So, using telomeres as a sign of cellular ageing, he was able to draw some intriguing conclusions. The most eye-catching finding was big news around the world. His startling finding was that children born to obese women had telomeres so much shorter than children born to women of a healthy weight that they were likely to live between 12 and 17 years less, most likely with several chronic conditions. All of that from measuring telomeres? Telomeres act like a kind of protective buffer. Nawrot says the finding should not be used as a stick to beat people struggling with their weight.

Instead, it should make women stop and think, and prompt health authorities to invest in improving diets in the interests of preventing ill-health down the line. Far from it. Gender and socioeconomic status are also associated with longevity.


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A major area of interest for Nawrot is the role of air pollution. His study found that tiny dust particles especially particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2. The trouble with these particles — produced by diesel engines, heavy industry, agriculture and shipping emissions — is their size. Not only do they affect the lungs of those who breathe them, but they are small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier and can get into every organ of the body where they cause damaging oxidative stress.

In fact, the babies born at the beginning of the study are now six years old and were followed up between the ages of four and six to see how they were developing. His team is currently crunching the numbers to see whether factors like obesity and pollution have already hampered the well-being of children before they have even started school.

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This group could be followed up throughout their lives to answer longer-term questions about the relationship between genes, telomeres, food, pollution, income and health. The big question will be to what extent some of the disadvantages we are born with can be reversed by making healthy choices later in life.

His work focuses on population health, analysis of contemporary fertility trends, and demographic forecasting. Research shows children born later may be taller and smarter, and their parents are happier- but there are many confounding factors. The conventional wisdom says children born to older parents are less healthy than those with younger parents.

Postponed parenthood, in the popular press, has been linked with everything from birth defects to autism. As if that were not grim enough, many worry that as Europeans start their families later than ever, they tend to have fewer children — meaning there will be too few young people in the workforce in the decades to come. Globally, the fertility rate fell from 4. In Europe, this is down to 1. While other researchers have found an association between ill-health and being born to older parents, the hard evidence that one actually causes the other is thin.

For example, some earlier research compared health outcomes of people born to young or old parents, but failed to control for social class, education and parental income. He found that those children born when the parents were older, and therefore also at a later date, lived longer.

One reason was rather obvious: lifespans generally increased over that period as society got mostly more prosperous. But these kids were also fitter and smarter. In addition to benefiting from the broader trend towards living longer, a number of additional factors could explain the result. For a start, people in their early 20s might be less well prepared to have children: they are less mature, have fewer financial resources and are less likely to have reached a high level of education.

Whether this pattern would be replicated when future researchers compare children born in to those born in is impossible to say.

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In more mature parents, the overall impact of having children is positive, perhaps because they are readier to handle all the challenges that come with parenting. This pyramid highlights the average percentage of different age groups globally. To view country and year specific information, please visit PopulationPyramid. The economic impact of delaying parenthood might also be more positive than commonly presumed. Fertility rates decline when people start their families later, leading many to worry that Europe could one day have more retirees than workers as the population pyramid becomes top-heavy.

In the meantime, they take the time to finish their education and get a foothold in their careers. Then when children arrive they are well resourced to handle it. So, that settles it. Everyone should shelve their baby-making plans until they are richer, more resilient and ready to have smarter, healthier kids? This is a cost and should be kept in mind. He says there is huge variation in the data: plenty of children born to young parents do very well and there is no shortage of people born to older parents who are not super-fit intellectuals.

Sally Shuttleworth is a professor of English literature at the University of Oxford. Monaco when he was pro-vice-chancellor for planning and resources before he was appointed president of Tufts University. Her research explores relationships between literature and science, particularly in the Victorian period. Shuttleworth received her B. She held a fellowship at the Society for Humanities at Cornell University in — In , she was named a chair at the University of Sheffield, where she served as head of the School of English, dean of arts and founder and director of the Centre for Nineteenth-Century Studies.

Her research has been largely in Victorian studies. With Professor Geoffrey Cantor of the Division of the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Leeds, she directed the project Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical, which analyzes the role of science in the mainstream and popular periodical press of the nineteenth century.

A leading doctor has warned that the pace of the information age means our brains are subject to as much stress in a single month as our grandparents faced in a lifetime. His name? James Crichton Browne. Crichton Browne lived part of his life in the Victorian era, but his worries echo the concerns of 21 st century commentators — as well as watercooler conversations in offices around the world. He feared that the stresses of information overload would cripple the minds of professionals; that schoolchildren were overburdened by packed curricula and exams; and that we had created a damaging environment that needed to be reimagined.

Fast-forward to today and everything has changed — except our anxiety about the diseases of modern life. We fear burnout , the information deluge , addiction , overloaded curriculum , pollution and threats to our work-life balance. These worries may be well-founded but are far from new. Financial services and other professional employees began commuting to their offices in London and taking work home with them.

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Worse, the arrival of the telegram meant that stock brokers were always on. Information began to flow from Asian markets early in the morning and those who clocked off before the New York stock exchanges closed risked losing their shirt. Cases of suicide among bankers were widely publicised.

Like many of their reforming contemporaries who helped to shape 19 th century thinking on health in the industrial age, doctors like Benjamin Ward Richardson campaigned for social and medical changes to improve the quality of life. In , a London doctor, Benjamin Ward Richardson, caused a stir with the publication of his vision of a city designed for the health and well-being of its residents. Read an excerpt. This book, by Benjamin Ward Richardson, caused a stir upon its publication, as it imagined in detail what a healthy, rationally planned city might be like.

Here is an excerpt. Our city, which may be named Hygeia, has the advantage of being a new foundation, but it is so built that existing cities might be largely modelled upon it.


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  • This may be considered a large population for the space occupied, but, since the effect of density on vitality tells only determinately when it reaches a certain extreme degree, as in Liverpool and Glasgow, the estimate may be ventured. The safety of the population of the city is provided for against density by the character of the houses, which ensures an equal distribution of the population. Tall houses overshadowing the streets, and creating necessity for one entrance to several tenements, are nowhere permitted.

    In streets devoted to business, where the tradespeople require a place of mart or shop, the houses are four stories high, and in some of the western streets where the houses are separate, three and four storied buildings are erected; but on the whole it is found bad to exceed this range, and as each story is limited to 15 feet, no house is higher than 60 feet.

    The substratum of the city is of two kinds.

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    At its northern and highest part, there is clay; at its southern and south-eastern, gravel. Whatever disadvantages might spring in other places from a retention of water on a clay soil, is here met by the plan that is universally followed, of building every house on arches of solid brickwork. The acreage of our model city allows room for three wide main streets or boulevards, which run from east to west, and which are the main thoroughfares.

    Beneath each of these is a railway along which the heavy traffic of the city is carried on. The streets from north to south which cross the main thoroughfares at right angles, and the minor streets which run parallel, are all wide, and, owing to the lowness of the houses, are thoroughly ventilated, and in the day are filled with sunlight….


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    More info. Richardson created a vision of a utopian city, which he named Hygeia. It attracted attention from newspapers around the world — even spawning commercial spin-offs such as health resorts run by canny entrepreneurs.

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    The sanitarians believed humans were under-achieving their true potential. Richardson was influenced by Richard Owen, an anatomist, who declared that humans should live until the age of Hs reasoning was based on findings that most animals lived to around five times their age of maturity. The authors noted that though caloric restriction in long-lived animals conferred some benefits, these were subject to a complex interplay of genetics, nutrition and environmental factors.

    Another great hope is resveratrol, a chemical produced naturally by plants, notably in the skin of grapes. Whether vineyards can be said to hide the fountain of youth, however, remains doubtful. The chemical has been noted to produce similar health benefits to caloric restriction in animal models, but as yet, no study has shown that taking resveratrol can increase human lifespan. But why do we age at all? Hydra for example — a group of simple, jellyfish-like creatures — are able to repair almost all the damage they suffer, and readily slough cells that are too injured to heal.

    In theory that should be possible, though nobody has any idea about how to do it. Hydra can repair almost all its damaged cells, shedding any that are too injured to heal Science Photo Library. Right now, essentially all of us are sentenced to the death penalty, even though most of us have done nothing to deserve it.

    Stolyarov is fervently opposed to what he sees is simply a technological challenge waiting for the appropriate level of money and manpower to solve it. One focus for technological intervention are telomeres.