Guide THE SUPREMACY OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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The primacy of existence (of reality) is the axiom that existence exists, i.e., that the universe exists independent of consciousness (of any consciousness), that.
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This is perhaps my favorite of his books. He focuses our attention on the multiple, cascading crises that can be traced to human supremacy—the deeply destructive illusion that the world was made for humans because we are so very special. Jensen considers, and rejects, every reason we want to believe ourselves the anointed species, and challenges all of us to take seriously the moral principles we claim to hold.

Here he dismantles the core of our crises, the mythologies that guide authoritarian, unsustainable, human supremacist cultures. Read this and weep, but then with new awareness shake off emotional and ideological blinders you have been taught, and take action with those who understand that humans are one among many. We humans refuse to believe that, preferring to believe a vast gulf exists between us and the rest of the natural world.

That leads to the end of us and all of nature as we kill our planet. I hope this book will help people change their belief in human supremacy and help save our world.

Consciousness: Three New Books, Same Dilemma, Still Fascinating | Mind Matters

This book is mandatory reading. So we should all be grateful to Derrick Jensen, who with this book breaks the ideological chains of human supremacy and reveals the world as the interconnected web of being that it truly is.


  1. Sensorimotor supremacy: Investigating conscious and unconscious vision by masked priming.
  2. Consciousness: Three New Books, Same Dilemma, Still Fascinating | Mind Matters.
  3. Dismantling White Supremacy: Intentions, Consciousness and Kindness | Colorado Trust.
  4. Acknowledgments?
  5. Are You Supporting White Supremacy?.
  6. A History of the English Church in New Zealand.
  7. Ripples of Time!

With our illusions ripped away, we may yet be able to save ourselves and our beautiful planet from the system that is killing us all. Category: Science Category: Science. Paperback —. Add to Cart. About The Myth of Human Supremacy In this impassioned polemic, radical environmental philosopher Derrick Jensen debunks the near-universal belief in a hierarchy of nature and the superiority of humans. Also by Derrick Jensen. See all books by Derrick Jensen. Product Details. Inspired by Your Browsing History. Related Articles. Looking for More Great Reads?

Download Hi Res. LitFlash The eBooks you want at the lowest prices. From this review, we conclude that masking theories have so far not fully incorporated the potential implications of findings from masked priming studies. In particular, with few exceptions, existing masking theories treat sensorimotor priming as inconsequential for what is consciously seen under masking conditions.

By contrast, we will outline a type of sensorimotor supremacy model that regards priming effects as being causally responsible for what is perceived under masking conditions. The model draws on the established attentional effect that a masked prime exerts on the conscious visual perception of the mask cf.

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Neumann, , and extends the explanation to the sensorimotor level. We will conclude the second review with a brief outline of new testable predictions derived from a sensorimotor supremacy model of visual masking. A visually backward masked, and thus invisible, prime can have at least three different effects. In terms of the procedures that have been used, these effects are definitely different from one another.

However, whether or to what extent there also exist similarities between the effects, and whether it is necessary to give different accounts for these effects, is debatable under the perspective of the sensorimotor supremacy hypothesis. This will be detailed in the following paragraphs. First, it is relatively certain that under appropriate conditions, an invisible prime can activate a motor response.

With a target on the right, observers had to press a right-hand key, and with a target on the left, they had to press a left-hand key. Prior to the target, a pair of masked smaller black bars was presented as a prime. Several lines of evidence corroborated the conclusion that this priming effect reflected sensorimotor processes. Similar results were found by using slightly different procedures Dehaene et al. Another approach was made by Neumann and Klotz , and Ansorge and Neumann Therefore, they wanted to rule out that masked priming effects were merely due to sensory processes, that is, to the lower sensory similarity between prime and target in interfering relative to facilitating conditions.

To that end, they used the same sensory conditions in both sensorimotor interfering and sensorimotor facilitating conditions: The masked prime was always presented with the same distance and at the same position away from the target, but the prime required the same response as the spatially distant target in some conditions, whereas it required a response other than the target in alternative conditions.

Again, in line with a sensorimotor interpretation i. Still another line of evidence was provided by Vorberg et al. These authors asked their participants to respond in the direction of a visible target, either a left or a right pointing arrow. As a prime, they used a backward-masked target-preceding smaller arrow. The prime either pointed in the same direction as the target or in the opposite direction. The prime-target interval varied from a single refresh of the computer screen to about ms. The most important observation of Vorberg et al.

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The probability of an erroneous response in the direction of an interfering prime arrow pointing in the opposite direction to the target increased with the time by which the prime arrow was presented before the visible target arrow. This finding is in line with a motor activation effect: The prime is able to activate a response corresponding to its direction. This motor activation eventually leads to an overt response if it is not sufficiently quickly countermanded by a competing response activated by the visible target.

A second kind of masked priming effect is of an attentional origin. According to a widely held notion, the abrupt onset of a visual stimulus in the periphery of the visual field captures attention automatically cf.

5. Conclusion

If both assumptions hold true, an invisible prime preceding a visible mask at its position should attract attention. As a consequence, attention would be already at the position of the mask when the mask has its onset. Thus, the prime should shorten the delay until the mask can be consciously perceived cf. Neumann, A very similar prediction can be made on the basis of the perceptual retouch theory Bachmann, , According to the perceptual retouch theory, conscious perception of a visual stimulus requires two steps, a an initial onset response evoked in the visual cortex, and b a second signal that confirms this initial cortex response, with the confirmation signal being delayed by about 80 ms relative to the initial brain response.

According to the perceptual retouch theory, the masked prime evokes its corresponding initial brain response, but once the delayed confirmatory signal reaches the visual cortex, mask-induced activity prevails at the location formerly occupied by the prime and is confirmed instead of the already passed prime-induced activity. In several investigations, Scharlau and her colleagues bore out the attentional hypothesis e. If a masked prime is presented as a third stimulus in advance and at the position of only one of the other two stimuli, the primed stimulus of the two latter stimuli seems to temporally lead the unprimed stimulus even under conditions where both primed and unprimed stimulus have had a concomitant onset.

Very similar results have been obtained with stimuli that were backward-masked by four dots cf. So much for an attentional effect of an unconscious, masked prime. Still, in a third variant, priming is by masked words. This has been sometimes attributed to processing within semantic memory cf. Dehaene et al. A masked priming word which is semantically associated with an upcoming visible target word facilitates the response to the visible target word relative to a masked priming word which is not or less semantically associated with the visible target word e.

It is commonly assumed that semantic priming by masked priming words reflects spreading mutual activation of representations of priming word and target word within an interconnected memory network. In semantic memory or mental lexicon if one wishes to restrict the account to visual words , connections between related representations are stronger or put another way: more facilitative than connections between less or unrelated representations which are also sometimes assumed to be inhibitory cf. As a consequence of this general architecture, the semantic representation of a masked prime can pre-activate the representation of a semantically related visual target word presented after the prime, so that a critical threshold activation value of the target-word representation that allows the recognition or discrimination of the target word is rapidly achieved.

Admittedly, many masked priming effects that were attributed to spreading activation within semantic memory can be explained equally well by sensorimotor processes. Marcel , for example, asked his participants to name the color of a clearly visible target patch.

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Hence, a masked color word prime that denoted the color of the upcoming patch e. However, in line with the spreading-activation account, a masked word priming effect is also observed where a response activation effect can be ruled out. Kiefer , for instance, used a lexical decision task: In each trial, a word or a nonword was presented as a visible target, and participants had to decide whether the target was or was not a word.

Therefore, the priming word always indicated the same response i. Yet event-related potentials were affected by the amount of semantic association that existed between the masked priming word and visible target word: Less semantically target-associated masked priming words induced a stronger N — a component reflecting semantic language processes cf. Different time courses of priming effects with a masked words vs. Research with masked location or shape primes showed that sensorimotor effects of the masked prime reverse with a prime-target interval beyond about ms cf.

By contrast, the priming effect of masked word primes typically does not invert with an increasing prime-target interval.

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This latter finding fits well with the assumption that masked semantic priming is due to spreading activation within semantic lexical memory, giving way over time to slower, more deliberate processing cf. Neely, From the review above, it should be clear that in a trivial sense, masked priming effects rely at least to some extent on different specific stimulus properties.

Think of the participants discriminating between leftward and rightward pointing masked arrows Vorberg et al. If such discrimination were not possible with masked arrows, different masked arrows should have had the same effect, which is not the case. Likewise, if participants were unable to discriminate between different electromagnetic frequencies or wavelengths i.