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A History of philosophy Volume 1 Part II [Frederick Charles Copleston] on leondumoulin.nl *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. History of Philosophy: Vol.
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Since Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy is a peer-reviewed journal, we will need to receive submissions by 30 November For further inquiries, please contact. Petter Sandstad petter. The Greek Commentators broadly conceived, including scholars from the Early Imperial to the Late Byzantine Era on Plato and Aristotle were the first to apply extensively and systematically both Aristotelian and Stoic Logic to the interpretation of the foundational texts of Western philosophy. In this sense, the legacy of the Greek Commentators extends far beyond the later developments in the Platonic and Aristotelian traditions of philosophy.

How do specific Commentators identify and reformulate the arguments of their sources?

The Philosophy of Kreia: A Critical Examination of Star Wars

What types of syllogistic do they use? What are the aims of such logical reconstructions? What is logical reconstruction supposed to contribute to exegesis in various contexts?

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Are the proposed reconstructions always successful? To what extent, if at all, do these reconstructions pay justice to the texts under interpretation? A Court in Germany ordered that access to certain items in the Project Gutenberg collection are blocked from Germany. Project Gutenberg believes the Court has no jurisdiction over the matter, but until the issue is resolved, it will comply. For more information about the German court case, and the reason for blocking all of Germany rather than single items, visit PGLAF's information page about the German lawsuit.

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History of Philosophy Volume 2: Medieval Philosophy: Frederick Copleston: Continuum

This block will remain in place until legal guidance changes. They are called cultural treasures, and a historical materialist views them with cautious detachment. For without exception the cultural treasures he surveys have an origin which he cannot contemplate without horror. They owe their existence not only to the efforts of the great minds and talents who have created them, but also to the anonymous toil of their contemporaries.

There is no document of civilization which is not at the same time a document of barbarism. And just as such a document is not free of barbarism, barbarism taints also the manner in which it was transmitted from one owner to another. A historical materialist therefore dissociates himself from it as far as possible.

He regards it as his task to brush history against the grain. We must attain to a conception of history that is in keeping with this insight. Then we shall clearly realize that it is our task to bring about a real state of emergency, and this will improve our position in the struggle against Fascism. One reason why Fascism has a chance is that in the name of progress its opponents treat it as a historical norm. This amazement is not the beginning of knowledge—unless it is the knowledge that the view of history which gives rise to it is untenable.

His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet.


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The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing in from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such a violence that the angel can no longer close them. The storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.

The themes which monastic discipline assigned to friars for meditation were designed to turn them away from the world and its affairs. The thoughts which we are developing here originate from similar considerations. At a moment when the politicians in whom the opponents of Fascism had placed their hopes are prostrate and confirm their defeat by betraying their own cause, these observations are intended to disintangle the political worldlings from the snares in which the traitors have entrapped them.

It seeks to convey an idea of the high price our accustomed thinking will have to pay for a conception of history that avoids any complicity with the thinking to which these politicians continue to adhere.

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The conformism which has been part and parcel of Social Democracy from the beginning attaches not only to its political tactics but to its economic views as well. It is one reason for its later breakdown. Nothing has corrupted the German working, class so much as the notion that it was moving, with the current.

It regarded technological developments as the fall of the stream with which it thought it was moving.


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  • From there it was but a step to the illusion that the factory work which was supposed to tend toward technological progress constituted a political achievement. The old Protestant ethics of work was resurrected among German workers in secularized form.

    History of Philosophy Volume 2

    The …improvement… of labor constitutes the wealth which is now able to accomplish what no redeemer has ever been able to do. It recognizes only the progress in the mastery of nature, not the retrogression of society; it already displays the technocratic features later encountered in Fascism. Among these is a conception of nature which differs ominously from the one in the Socialist utopias before the revolution.

    The new conception of labor amounts to the exploitation of nature, which with naive complacency is contrasted with the exploitation of the proletariat. Compared with this positivistic conception, Fourier's fantasies, which have so often been ridiculed, prove to be surprisingly sound. According to Fourier, as a result of efficient cooperative labor, four moons would illuminate the earthly night, the ice would recede from the poles, sea water would no longer taste salty, and beasts of prey would do man's bidding.

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    All this illustrates a kind of labor which, far from exploiting nature, is capable of delivering her of the creations which lie dormant in her womb as potentials. The program, drafted by Liebknecht and Lassalle, was severely attacked by Marx in London. Nietzsche, Of the Use and Abuse of History. Not man or men but the struggling, oppressed class itself is the depository of historical knowledge. In Marx it appears as the last enslaved class, as the avenger that completes the task of liberation in the name of generations of the downtrodden. Within three decades they managed virtually to erase the name of Blanqui, though it had been the rallying sound that had reverberated through the preceding century.

    Social Democracy thought fit to assign to the working class the role of the redeemer of future generations, in this way cutting the sinews of its greatest strength. This training made the working class forget both its hatred and its spirit of sacrifice, for both are nourished by the image of enslaved ancestors rather than that of liberated grandchildren. Wilhelm Dietzgen, Die Religion der Sozialdemokratie.

    Social Democratic theory, and even more its practice, have been formed by a conception of progress which did not adhere to reality but made dogmatic claims. Secondly, it was something boundless, in keeping with the infinite perfectibility of mankind. Thirdly, progress was regarded as irresistible, something that automatically pursued a straight or spiral course. Each of these predicates is controversial and open to criticism. However, when the chips are down, criticism must penetrate beyond these predicates and focus on something that they have in common. The concept of the historical progress of mankind cannot be sundered from the concept of its progression through a homogenous, empty time.