Manual Homophobia in 1970s Spain: Psychiatry, Fascism and the Transition to Democracy

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Four decades after Spain began its transition to democracy, homophobia is still thriving in some conservative parts of Spanish society. LGBT Spaniards have, of​.
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Balestrini and P. Moroni La horda de oro. Unemployment in was at ,, while in it reached 2 million, especially affecting the youth residing in industrial areas. See P. And this did not stop with the end of the most repressive period of the Franco Regime, because a dual system was created, in which the military administration punished the most serious cases, while the civil courts took care of the rest. The idea was to construct a complex administrative network that did not detract from military power, but rather the reverse. Furthermore, this was a response to the appearance of new social protests.

Dear Ladies of the Transition: Transsexuality in Spanish Films During and After Franco

The police became established as an apparatus for repression in , through what was known as the General Directorate for Security, something that would not change until This repressive force was connected to the state documentation service, the Document Recuperation Service , which provided information to the political police, and had its headquarters in Salamanca. In order to reinforce the repressive apparatus, by means of various laws, states of emergency became commonplace.

Furthermore, any kind of public speaking speeches, manifestos had to be approved by the General Directorate for Propaganda , with the exception of those from the Church or the Falange. Court martials also became the norm and put an end to any kind of displays of dissidence.

Dear Ladies of the Transition: Transsexuality in Spanish Films During and After Franco

Over 22, procedures were aimed at repressing the association movement, propaganda, meetings and demonstrations that were considered to be illegal activities. This violence was especially exercised in the areas of morality and education. Do not pressure him or stimulate intimate contact. If your husband suggests union, then you should humbly accept, always considering that his satisfaction is more important than that of a woman. When you reach the culminating moment, a slight moan on your part is sufficient to indicate any enjoyment you may have experienced.

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This advice could be extended to all the humiliating behaviour endured by women with their husbands. These institutions were complicit in the domestication and submission of all women, even more so in the case of those women who broke away from the prescribed social norms, for those who fought for their ideals, or who were simply independent.

Homosexuality was considered to be a socially dangerous practice , following the same canon defined by Catholicism. Moreover, as late as , this danger was included in the Social Danger and Rehabilitation Act. The International Center of Transitional Justice ICTJ welcomes this law, and is happy that a Commission of Truth is being established to investigate and try the crimes of Francisco Franco, even though he has been dead for 40 years.

This is the process of change that a country must follow when it passes from a dictatorship to democracy, in order to legally and politically demand reparation for the damage inflicted on the victims. The steps that must be followed in these processes are based on a series of responses to massive infringements of human rights, which include:. According to the ICTJ, although the Spanish Armed Forces have experienced major changes, there are transitional-justice processed that have not been dealt with.

After a visit to this country, David Tolbert, the president of the ICTJ, analysed the lack of a state response to the claims made by the victims. Although it is a consolidated democracy, the country has failed to tackle many of the crimes committed during the Civil War and the Franco Regime. His recommendations include launching initiatives such as: eliminating symbols that glorify the Civil War and Franco, reinforcing the teaching of Civil War studies, establishing institutions dedicated to historical memory and facilitating the process of exhuming buried victims.

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The obligation of investigating the crimes of the Franco Regime and the Civil War and guaranteeing the rights of the victims are under scrutiny by Amnesty International. According to that organisation, Spain is not meeting those obligations. For example, in a report the organisation revealed the direct responsibility of Spanish authorities and their unwillingness to process a case on past events during the Franco Regime and the Civil War.