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Yoga can help you keep heart diseases at bay Yoga can become a way of life to help you deal with heart diseases. Watch: Malaika Arora working her abs while hanging from her arms Malaika Arora is getting fitter by the day. Watch: Sushmita Sen's arms are stronger than yours will ever be Sushmita Sen is giving us major fitness goals for Here's how high-fibre foods can help you lose belly fat Fibre helps promote gut health by being consumed as fuel by 'good' bacteria during digestion.

Chef Shipra Khanna shares food tips for a well-oiled brain Celery, coconut oil and blueberries can fight mental decay. Looking ahead: 4 sleeping habits you must change in Adopt a few different sleeping habits and you'll guarantee a good night's sleep, despite your busy lifestyle.

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Get a flat tummy with these very simple exercises These exercises are all you need to get rid of your belly fat. In the interim, using genomics information along with biomarkers and other clinical tools is a viable use of this evolving technology. Of relevance to nutritional scientists is information on how genes and nutrients interact on a cellular level to control phenotypic outcomes ie, disease. The overarching study of such interactions is called nutritional genomics , and it is a burgeoning area of interest among health and nutrition researchers looking to develop personalized nutrition standards of care.

Nutrigenetics is the study of how genetic variability between people affects individual metabolism of nutrients and subsequent health outcomes. Nutrigenomics is the study of the interactions between dietary components and the genome. Other studies indicate that a Mediterranean diet reduces fasting blood glucose and lipid levels as well as stroke incidence in subjects who possess a SNP correlated with type 2 diabetes.

For example, studies on obesity and genetics have identified a relationship between BMI in individuals possessing multiple copies of the AMY1 gene that controls salivary amylase production. Further complicating the issue, diseases with nutritional implications are classified as either monogenic controlled by one gene or polygenic controlled or influenced by multiple genes.

A disease controlled by only 1 gene does not mean that there is only 1 mutation that causes it. For instance, more than different mutations in the CTFR gene that causes cystic fibrosis have been identified, each potentially responding in a unique way to various medical and nutritional treatments. Scientists have identified several genes involved in the development of polygenic diseases and are still working to determine how their combined influence produces differential health effects.

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There are 20 known genes associated with the development of obesity alone and thousands of gene combinations that can produce phenotypic results. Finally, a subset of nutrigenomics is nutritional epigenomics , 7 the influence of diet on changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence itself. Other lifestyle and environmental factors are epigenetic influencers as well. Epigenetic effects are maintained by methylation of DNA 7 ; successful methylation is influenced by levels of folate, methionine, choline, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 in cells, 20 suggesting a strong nutritional influence.

Based on the complexities of diet-gene interactions and the distinct possibility different nutrients or nutrient combinations can influence specific genes or SNPs, it should be clear that unlocking the full therapeutic potential of nutritional genomics will require more research over the next several decades, but the opportunities are limitless.

Short-chain fatty acids assist in preservation of colonic integrity, mediate blood glucose homeostasis, influence de novo lipid synthesis and storage, regulate the inflammatory response, and promote appetite regulation. A healthy balance of gut microbes also influences iron absorption. Studies show that consuming a typical American diet results in less variety and functionality of gut microbes compared with a healthful diet high in fruits and vegetables.

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The Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine has an ongoing Microbiome Program that studies the relationship between microbiome composition and the development of celiac disease and gluten insensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and various other conditions with the goal of designing individualized diets to maintain health and prevent disease.

For example, consumers may struggle to fully interpret actual risks of developing a disease for which they have a genetic tendency.

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Misinterpretation of this risk may cause undue anxiety or needless lifestyle changes, reinforcing the role of a trained professional who can help put things in context. This is just one example of downsides that must be considered with the proliferation of genetic—and other personal health—information that is now available.

Consumers who purchase available technologies need to understand that information gleaned from omics or microbiome testing currently tell a part of the story, but not the entire story. Although personalized wellness information based on genomics data remains incomplete as the market waits for the science to catch up, scientific advances in tracking technologies have allowed for the generation of personalized health and performance goals that include aspects of well-being such as mood, attention, endurance, and weight maintenance.

A call for greater regulation has been made by some in the industry 31 to ensure apps and products are independently validated. Currently, oversight of these products is few and far between. Over the past decade, the amount and types of monitoring technologies that help consumers personalize their lifestyles have soared.

The introduction of the iPhone in revolutionized the industry. Since that time, wearable technology has allowed consumers to track various lifestyle factors in new and easy ways, and thousands of apps have been developed that give users a window into their personal health status by tracking movement, nutrient intake, and sleep, among other things. In fact, the use of wearable-based wellness devices has become so prevalent and so well accepted that insurance companies have taken notice and are beginning to capitalize on the technology.

Apple and Aetna announced a collaboration that will offer wearable-based wellness services to members. This collaboration will, according to Aetna, leverage the Apple Watch to offer incentives and health management tips to participants in an effort to prevent chronic disease and improve quality of life.

The first wearable tracking device, the Fitbit Tracker, was sold in Personalized nutrition services currently include online, direct-to-consumer DTC or healthcare practitioner genetic testing kits, microbiome analyses, disease-focused services, and nutrition and fitness programs. All are relatively newly available to the public, and most are experiencing tremendous growth.

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All incorporate an array of technologies and services designed to provide a personalized experience. Some, but not all, companies employ registered dietitians to help interpret results and counsel and motivate clients, which is an opportunity to harness the specialized expertise of nutrition professionals. These companies cannot yet advertise diagnostic certainty, although they do use science to educate customers and healthcare providers about individual risks of developing certain conditions and advise adoption or avoidance of behaviors accordingly.

Many DTC companies integrate professional lifestyle management coaching, meal plans, supplement packs, and athletic training advice based on individual omics analysis. For instance, OME Health integrates genetic, microbiome, and blood testing into their analyses; Inside Tracker collects genomic and biomarker data from blood tests every 3 months to create and modify personalized menus, whereas Habit touts a systems biology approach by providing detailed third-party anthropometric, lifestyle, DNA, biometric, and metabolic data analyses used to create personalized meal plans. In addition to their tracking services, LoseIt!

Nutrigenomix also offers specific tests for sports performance and fertility.


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Its Genetic Weight Report confirmed genes mediate the effects of diet and exercise. Several companies offer microbiome sequencing and interpretation services to customers. Two of the biggest names in microbiome analysis are Viome and Day Two. Viome possesses exclusive license to proprietary technology originally developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory that makes use of advanced metatranscriptomics technology to measure gut microbe metabolism. Viome provides quarterly microbiome analyses and pairs these with questionnaires to create individualized food and nutrient recommendations.

It encourages whole food and lifestyle alterations to achieve better gut health. The company utilizes a postprandial glycemic response algorithm along with microbiome analysis to create personalized nutrition plans for individuals seeking help with blood sugar control. Some apps target users with specific chronic diseases and glean information from disease and nutrition-focused research to encourage healthful lifestyle changes.

The number of companies that have entered the market in the past few years alone has been dramatic. Diabetes management and weight loss are two of the most prevalent conditions addressed, although far from the only ones. Both Livongo and Vida Health provide personalized coaching to improve chronic disease and basic public health outcomes ie, smoking cessation. Although each of these programs has some issues, and their boasts of rapid weight loss or reversal of type 2 diabetes remain unsubstantiated, disease-based apps are a step up on the personalization scale for remote disease monitoring and management and a likely sign of how health maintenance will be administered in the future, with less face-to-face time with a clinician, and more online inputs.

Numerous food tracking, calorie counting, and meal planning apps exist, and they run the gamut with respect to the technologies they employ to generate information for their consumers. MyFitnessPal, one of the first such products on the market, calculates daily energy needs based on anthropometric data, standard formulas, and meal ingredients selected from a database of common foods.

While it is outside the scope of this article to review the full body of evidence on the field, this section offers a sampling of the published literature. To begin, studies of the reliability and precision of wearable devices have produced mixed results in randomized controlled trials. In general, research suggests hip-based trackers are more accurate than those worn on the wrist 43 and that the pedometric function of the trackers is the most reliable feature.

One study found that wearables were not as effective as traditional behavioral counseling in a weight loss study of obese patients over 24 months. A pan-European study led by researchers at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom 50 provided personalized nutrition advice to subjects from 7 countries via an online portal. One group received personalized nutrition advice based solely on analysis of their current diet, one based on diet plus biomarkers, and one on diet, biomarker, and genotype information. All 3 groups displayed improved eating habits after 6 months.

This suggests personalized nutrition feedback works; however, the efficacy of technology layered on top of the advice was questionable. Interpretation of microbiome research is currently limited to correlational conclusions, as the field is in its relative infancy. Further, there is an ongoing need for synthesis of individual studies to help inform evidence-based practice guidelines.

This particular scoping review identified 32 studies that examined the effect of utilizing nutritional genomics in nutrition practice on nutrition-related outcomes. The authors acknowledged a lack of consistency in terminology, methods, and measurements in the published literature, but ultimately concluded a systematic review could be warranted. Such efforts will be needed to help better connect science, technology, and practice. Additional research is needed to assess the precision and effectiveness of the various kits, tools, devices, and technologies currently being marketed to consumers, particularly as new products enter the marketplace.

One issue that has arisen in the face of the rapidly evolving digital technology is the appropriate level of evidence that should be acceptable to regulators, healthcare organizations, and consumers, particularly as it pertains to devices to be used in healthcare management. The outcome will certainly have ramifications for the level of science consumers find acceptable in the devices and services they purchase moving forward. Effective integration of truly personalized health and wellness information into medical diagnoses and treatments including nutrition therapies is evolving.

Nevertheless, it is premature to fully incorporate the limited findings of genetics research into diagnostic manuals, as the interplay between disease subtypes and distinct molecular causes is still too complex to tease out. Further, behavior, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors interact in ways that cannot be accurately quantified or measured using current standard genetic study designs.

The groundwork has been laid for the continued advancement of personalized wellness—focused science.

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Large-scale government projects such as the HGP and Human Microbiome Project made crucial forays into complex and poorly understood areas of science, ultimately discovering the blueprints for functional health. Massive private research undertakings across the personalized wellness industry will continue to inform these human health blueprints. Routine clinical visits currently generate thousands of underutilized medical data points on individual health and disease. Several groups have initiated development of such repositories with some success.

Companies previously uninvolved in medicine and nutrition are beginning to make inroads into the personalized wellness market sphere, drawn by the popularity of these services and potential for large market gains. Some companies are forming partnerships with other companies, research laboratories, and medical teams with the aim of building credible, science-based, consumer-friendly personalized wellness products.

In the meantime, consumers should understand that any genetic, microbiome, or other data they glean as a part of a personalized evaluation based on these evolving technologies can be illuminating but incomplete. The future of personalized wellness is bright. But as is the case with any evolving technology, what is true today may be obsolete in a week. There is still much to be learned in the burgeoning area of personalized wellness.