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Many cultural plans in both the U. From the perspective of cultural funding, many culturally diverse municipalities across Canada and the United States allocate a portion of municipal funds directly to cultural budgets, details of which encourage cultural access, inclusion, and participation. The City of Los Angeles is exemplary in this respect. For example, the mandate of S. Ideally, these two areas intersect in cultural events or organizations that reflect or model a form of democratically organized assembly that encourages access, participation, benefits for all, and equality of cultural expression.

However, the actual success of these endeavours can be difficult to read. Cultural equity and balancing available resources are not clear-cut issues and are often contentious see, for example, Wolff, Cultural agency or cultural energy is not simply the existence of a culturally aware populace but it is also the illustrated expression of citizen-driven change that directly affects policy directions.

In a sense, cultural agency could be conceived of as the flipside of cultural democracy: whereas cultural democracy is the consideration—within the existing policy framework—of diverse expressions of arts and culture, cultural agency is the manifestation and initiation of change from outside the existing policy framework. From our observations, cultural agency emerged in three different forms: 1 local municipal policies that used citizen-driven initiatives as models of success or emulation; 2 citizen-driven initiatives that reframed policy to be more inclusive of diverse forms of expression; and 3 the creative and innovative use of cultural events so as to be more inclusive of diverse people or groups.

This process is well illustrated through the evolving authority of the Museo del Barrio in New York.

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Its former director, Susana Torruella Leval, argues that mainstream cultural institutions can no longer look to culturally specific institutions only for artifacts, but rather as models of interchange and affirmation Leval, Citizen-driven initiatives reframing policy to be more inclusive of diverse forms of expression In several cities, graffiti, which was and still often is considered a criminal act, has gained authority and legitimacy through the efforts of culturally active citizens.

Stretching the notion of a cultural venue, the Internet also provides a venue for cheap, open, dialogic, and accessible web-forums such as blogs, wikis, and listervs, which foster dialogue and subsequent cultural agency. This commitment must permeate the organization, and key individuals must be committed to transcending multiple barriers to achieving organizational goals.

Our conception of service as a recurring pattern within culturally diverse enterprises encompasses what is more commonly categorized under rubrics of leadership or volunteerism Willingness to serve is characteristic of volunteers in arts organizations in general but is especially characteristic of smaller arts organizations.

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This willingness becomes even more central to organizations which deal with cultural diversity, since they tend to be funded at levels lower than that provided to the arts and cultural sector as a whole. These include providing awards and other forms of recognition, which are quite common at the local level.

For example, the City of Vancouver bestows annual Cultural Harmony Awards to local individuals and organizations.


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On a national level, the Jeremy Dias Foundation supports youth who are addressing issues of discrimination in their schools and communities through the Awards Canada Youth Diversity Initiative. Neighbourhood cultural ecology Some U. Following on this success, ArtWorks has developed additional initiatives to reach out to at-risk youth while enriching the local community. Cultural tourism A growing dimension of culture-driven tourism attracts experience seekers who wish to learn about and experience other cultures both at home and abroad.

Communities are responding to this growing market and economic opportunity in various ways. Ongoing issues in this context are authenticity of cultural expression, i. Intercultural cultural industries Economic sustainability of expressions of cultural diversity is also supported through intercultural cultural industries.

For example, Canadian cities are home to several prosperous for-profit diverse operations. Music Multi-Montreal is a multicultural music organization, music label, urban radio station, and host of an annual multicultural music festival. Channel M in Vancouver is a multiethnic television station which provides a buffet of multilingual local and imported programming throughout the day in Cantonese, Mandarin, Punjabi, Korean, and Tagalog.

Cultural space was observed as important in three ways: the creation or adaptation of spaces for diverse users; places purpose built for diversity; and larger scale placemaking or remaking. Creating or adapting spaces for diverse users Highly accessible, multi-use spaces indoors and outdoors accommodate diversity primarily through programming and public use. For example, the Roundhouse Community Centre Vancouver , a former railroad locomotive repair shed, was extensively refurbished for multiple community art and recreation uses by a partnership of civic agencies primarily the Parks Board and private developers.

It includes a black box theatre with rolling seating, a large exhibition space with moveable walls, and other smaller multipurpose rooms that accommodate programming developed by or in conjunction with staff trained in cultural diversity. Reclamation of public space can resonate with cultural history which must be sensitively acknowledged in any initiative. As the U. Places purpose-built for diversity Purpose-built architecture deploys specific cultural signifiers to incorporate cultural values, aesthetics, and practices in built space. A Canadian example of architecture embodying cultural significance is the First Nations House of Learning at the University of British Columbia, which features a Longhouse that integrates traditional Coast Salish longhouse aesthetics with contemporary meeting space design.

The architecture of the Chinese Cultural Centre of Greater Toronto comprises an art gallery, several studios and classrooms for cultural education programs, and in development a large Chinese garden. Larger-scale placemaking or remaking Placemaking and remaking at the scale of the street or neighbourhood involves transforming the physical environment into something culturally meaningful and collectively personal. This process can take many forms and raise difficult issues such gentrification and displacement. In this paper, we focused on urban development or revitalization projects focused on diversity and cultural participation.

In the United States, nonprofit community development corporations, such as the Bronx Overall Development Corporation or the Point Community Development Corporation, often lead redevelopment initiatives in which art and cultural diversity are central. These initiatives are often facilitated through community-based arts organizations such as Pregones Theatre see South Bronx website. The focus here is on the conduits or communication infrastructure, not on the nature of the cultural knowledge itself.

Cultural knowledge transmission may take place through organizations such as university research institutes and networks, public schools and K kindergarten to grade 12 curricula, non- academic research institutes, partnerships between educational institutions and other organizations, and various programs and initiatives. This activity contributes to greater public awareness and knowledge of cultural diversity and culturally diverse arts initiatives. These efforts include extensive community involvement in the development processes and, among other policies, a cultural policy and planning process to frame and guide the evolution of the neighbourhood.

Local organizations can play an important role by identifying and meeting the specific cultural needs of a community e. Cultural knowledge may also emerge from non-academic research institutes, or partnerships between educational institutes and organizations such as community centers, not-for-profit organizations, and independent initiatives. Non-academic institutes promoting cultural knowledge may also provide apprenticeships, education, mentoring, or training opportunities in diverse cultural and arts traditions.


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Many of these types of cultural knowledge programs support the sharing of Aboriginal knowledge and cultural traditions. Observed practices and policy aims How can these observations and patterns underlying successful initiatives and situations help inform policy to support expressions of cultural diversity? These goals, by nature, are not mutually exclusive and frequently overlap in practice and implementation.

We found they are reflected in a range of initiatives in Canadian and U. We saw these two goals as closely linked because, in part, initiatives to involve citizens broadly conceived tended to overlap with, or target specifically, the involvement of socially or economically marginalized groups in society. This points to the interconnected nature of local cultural initiatives, which may simultaneously strive to build links and enhance connections with a broader society, address or overcome inequities in society, provide avenues for addressing current conditions, and perhaps help to envision and shape a better future.


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Culturally vibrant cities are ensuring that citizens who participate in diverse cultural activities as leaders and as volunteers are recognized and appreciated, thereby encouraging more citizen involvement at a grassroots level. Within civic bureaucracies, artist residencies and other innovative tools are breaking down traditional compartmentalization, as gateway cities refocus their energies to take fuller advantage of the novel opportunities afforded by diverse populations.

Physical points of engagement, sharing, and meeting are also important to these goals. Information sharing conduits and networks, such as the Creative City Network of Canada or the local policy listserv of Americans for the Arts, can help inform staff, elected officials, and community members of options and experiences of various municipalities in this regard see. In the end, however, initiatives must be rooted in the specificities and dynamics of each locale.

Diversity often raises difficult issues, even though diversity also provides previously unimagined opportunities to transcend issues that may have once seemed intractable. As well, the very local nature of local policy arrangements as compared to, say, national policy means that day-to-day living arrangements, tensions, and opportunities take on a higher degree of complexity and are often of a multidimensional nature, incorporating both rational and emotional components and attachments.

These aspects make these efforts both highly necessary and necessitate highly social, collective, and inclusive processes. Attention to the various needs and uses of urban space for cultural expressions, and sensitively and flexibly designing solutions to various space-related issues, is crucial. This goal is often intimately linked with the goals of involving citizens in cultural practices and relating cultural diversity and social inclusion.

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Both multi-use, highly accessible spaces and culturally specific spaces play important roles as points of connection and interaction, as do culturally hybridized festivals, special events, and media. However, many of these broader cultural development initiatives recognize and build on the cultural diversity of the locale. The extent to which the organizations responsible for the vibrancy or this culturally diversity relate to or benefit from such overarching strategies is an important issue.

Indicators Based on our field observations, we identified a range of aspects of observed systems of arrangements that help support culturally diverse expressions, which would also be useful to consider in relation to the five aims mentioned above. These aspects are meant to be suggestive, not exhaustive, and are divided into two general categories: those relating more directly to the local authority, and those relating more to conditions in the community.

It is important to note that this division does not suggest that the two areas exist independently, and municipal—community connections within certain indicator areas would be of particular value. These aspects are meant to point to areas to consider as possible indicators regarding local support for expressions of cultural diversity at a high-level. Nonetheless, we hope this high-level suggestions are of value as part of this initial exploratory investigation of the local dimensions of support for culturally diverse expressions.

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Diverse forms of cultural knowledge transmission, from formal university-based research into conditions of diversity to informal individual mentorship or apprenticeships 5. Hybridity is no longer up for discussion. It is a demographic, racial, social and cultural fact. The real tasks ahead of us are to embrace a more fluid and tolerant notion of personal and national identity, and to develop models of peaceful coexistence and multilateral cooperation across nationality, race, gender and religion.

Guillermo Gomez-Pena, The New World Border This paper provides a beginning point to explore the nature of local systems of arrangements supporting a diversity of cultural expression, while also reminding us of the overriding importance of context and local specificities which play such a large role in determining what is needed and ensuring a good fit of policy and place. It also provides a point of departure to investigate in more detail the characteristics of successful design and implementation of contextualized and locally grounded policy and practices to support diversity of cultural expression at the local level.

The examples presented in this paper aim to illustrate some current approaches to these challenges that have been developed in local communities across North America. The breadth of cultural diversity is growing within cities and our conceptions of it must also be broad. Policy approaches must be encompassing rather than definitive in this context, must be flexible and adaptive to changing conditions, and must facilitate inclusion and participation of all types for an increasingly complex and diverse situation. Municipal funding is a necessity for not only arts and culture but other necessary social services, often interlinked.

The spectrum of other options and means through which municipalities may offer support must also be considered. References Alderson, Evan Ashworth, G. The conserved European city as cultural symbol: the meaning of the text. Graham Ed. London: Arnold. Beauregard, Robert A. Federal policy and postwar urban decline: A case of government complicity? Housing Policy Debate, 12 1 , Borrup, Tom. Creative organizations: Putting culture to work in community development. Community Arts Network. Quality of leadership and vision for Diversity in BC schools: A framework.

Victoria: British Columbia Ministry of Education. Foundations for the study of intercultural communication based on a third-culture building model. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 23 1 , City of Montreal. Montreal: City of Montreal.