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by Patrick Kevin Bell. Buy a discounted Paperback of Distorted Worlds online from Australia's leading online bookstore. Many worlds exist beyond our own.
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Place a bowling ball in the middle of the sheet matter and the sheet will distort around the mass, bending half way to the floor— this is matter telling space-time how to curve. Matter and space-time are inextricably linked, with gravity mediating their interaction. Now, place a singularity—a theoretical point of infinite density—onto the sheet, what would happen to space-time?

It was German theoretical physicist Karl Schwarzschild, not Einstein, who used general relativity to describe this hypothetical situation, a situation that would become the most extreme test of general relativity. Gravitational waves are ripples in the curvature of space-time that propagate as waves traveling outward from their source. At a certain threshold, Schwarzschild found that the hypothetical singularity would literally punch through space-time.

In mathematics, singularities are interesting numerical solutions, but astrophysical singularities were, at the time, thought to be an abomination— there was no known mechanism that could produce them. Schwarzschild, however, persisted until his death in , realizing that an astrophysical singularity would warp space-time so severely that even light would not be fast enough to get out of the space-time hole that the singularity would create.

Known physics breaks down beyond the event horizon and, as no information can escape, we can have no experience as to what lies inside.


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Though this was an interesting concept, there was no known mechanism that could create a singularity in nature, so the idea was largely overlooked. That was until , when Indian astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar realized that, should a massive star run out of fuel, the sheer gravitational pressure of that mass would be concentrated to a point, causing space-time to collapse in on itself. Chandrasekhar had bridged the gap between mathematical curiosity and a scientific possibility, seeding the theory behind the formation of a real singularity with extreme consequences for the fabric of space-time.

It stayed that way until the s when British theoretical physicists Stephen Hawking and Roger Penrose proved that, far from being rare, singularities were a part of the cosmic ecosystem, and are a part of the natural evolution of massive stars after they run out of fuel and die. Trypho was attempting to raise hypothetical doubt without here stating any actual grounds for doubt. These suggestions, more likely taunts, from Trypho, which he immediately abandons, cannot be regarded as an argument, let alone a serious argument. The chief difficulty in working with rabbinic writings that might be about Jesus is that.

Balaam, Ben Pandira, Ben Stada, etc. Evans, eds. From among the numerous rabbinic traditions, many of which seem puzzling in their potential references to Jesus, a fairly clear example is as follows:.

Anyone who knows anything in his favor, let him come and speak concerning him. And they hanged him on the eve of the Passover. Was he not a deceiver? The following paragraph summarizes Craig A.

Evidence for the historical existence of Jesus Christ

When Judea came under Roman rule, which instituted crucifixion as a legal punishment, apart from the question of whether it was just or unjust, Jews roughly equated it with hanging on a tree. On Celsus: in c. Prominent among his many accusations to which Origen replies is as follows:.

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Next he makes the charge of the savior that it was by magic that he was able to do the miracles which he appeared to have done, and foreseeing that others also, having learned the same lessons and being haughty to act with the power of God, are about to do the same thing, such persons Jesus would drive away from his own society. It is unknown whether Celsus became aware of information about Jesus, including reports of his miracles, from the Gospel tradition s or independently of them. Thus it cannot be said that Celsus adds any new historical material about Jesus, though it is clear that in accusing Jesus of using magic for personal gain, Celsus assumed his existence.

Charges that Jesus was a magician are common in ancient writings, and Christian replies have been published even very recently. Green and Max Turner, eds. In his lengthy correspondence with Trajan, titled Epistles , X. They [the Christians] assured me that the sum total of their error consisted in the fact that that they regularly assembled on a certain day before daybreak. They recited a hymn antiphonally to Christus as to a god and bound themselves with an oath not to commit any crime, but to abstain from theft, robbery, adultery, breach of faith, and embezzlement of property entrusted to them.

The things that Pliny wrote about Christians can be found in or deduced from the New Testament. On Suetonius: In c.

Did Jesus Exist? Searching for Evidence Beyond the Bible - Biblical Archaeology Society

Tacitus implicitly corrected the crowd. Here, with Suetonius speaking of events in 49 C. Another logical result would be that the uproarious disputes in 49 C. Actually, among hundreds of Jewish names in the catacombs of Rome, there is not one instance of Chrestus being the name of a Jew Van Voorst, Jesus Outside , p. For this and other reasons, it seems more likely that Suetonius, who often uncritically repeated errors in his sources, was referring to Christus, that is, Jesus, but misunderstood him to be an agitator who lived in Rome in 49 C.

Van Voorst, Jesus Outside , pp.

GS-13 - Epistemological critiques

On Mara bar Serapion: In the last quarter of the first century C. For what advantage did the Athenians gain by the murder of Socrates, the recompense of which they received in famine and pestilence? Or the people of Samos by the burning of Pythagoras, because in one hour their country was entirely covered in sand?

Or the Jews by the death of their wise king, because from that same time their kingdom was taken away? God justly avenged these three wise men: the Athenians died of hunger; the Samians were overwhelmed by the sea; the Jews, ruined and driven from their land, live in complete dispersion.

But Socrates did not die for good; he lived on in the teaching of Plato. Pythagoras did not die for good; he lived on in the statue of Hera.


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All we know of the author comes from this letter. It is entirely possible that Mara received some knowledge of Jesus from Christians but did not name him for fear of displeasing his own Roman captors. Doubtful sources include the following:. It might be generally datable to as early as the eighth century C. These additions have no demonstrated historical value.

The Yosippon or Josippon is a medieval source which appears in many versions, often with many additions. The Dead Sea Scrolls contain no contemporary references to Jesus or his followers. Islamic traditions either depend on the New Testament or are not clearly traceable to the early centuries C. Regarding archaeological discoveries, along with many other scholars, I do not find that the group of ossuaries bone boxes discovered in the East Talpiot district of Jerusalem can be used as a basis for any conclusions about Jesus of Nazareth or his family.

See the variety of views presented in James H. Charlesworth, ed. See Nili S. See Craig A. Press, Markham Press Fund, , pp. Regarding identification of the people named in the James ossuary inscription, even if it is authentic, the question as to whether it refers to Jesus of Nazareth has not been clearly settled. Wells and Michael Martin, see Gary R. Rather unexpectedly, Peter meets Jesus, who is traveling in the opposite direction. Outside […].

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The writings of Roman historian Tacitus and Jewish historian Josephus, both non-Christians, are more than […]. That is Carl Gustav Jung. The problem is, however, they make absolutely no claim to the truth value of Christian beliefs or the actuality of the historical events that ground them. Archetypes may be historical in the sense that they are expressed throughout history in various cultures, and by various communities in various times and places, but whether they are purely projections of the mind, or whether they have actual referents in the external world, is nebulous at best.

On a Jungian view of religious belief it is almost irrelevant as to whether or not Jesus even existed. Much of this argument — and the accompanying historical citations for the existence of Jesus of Nazareth as a real person — has been said before. All good.

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Great job. I think it is beyond difficult to suggest that Jesus did not exist — or that he did not claim deity. But the latter is another subject for another time. Thanks again for the article!! The best evidence for the existence of Jesus is not even mentioned in this article: His miraculous image on His burial Shroud.

These people have never heard of Tacitus or Josephus. On Tacitus. Any possibility that the bible copied the Annals?