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This is the second collection of stories of from the initial year of the Winston & Churchill Case Files series, including: A SHADOW UPON THE SCENES: Henry​.
Table of contents

• Spartacus Educational
• Winston Churchill
• Account Options
• Primary Sources
• ‘Darkest Hour’: How Cinematography Brought Winston Churchill’s Torrent of Words to Life

Stalin agreed to this Percentages agreement , ticking a piece of paper as he heard the translation. In , five years after the account of this meeting was published in The Second World War , authorities of the Soviet Union denied that Stalin accepted the "imperialist proposal". One of the conclusions of the Yalta Conference was that the Allies would return all Soviet citizens that found themselves in the Allied zone to the Soviet Union.

This immediately affected the Soviet prisoners of war liberated by the Allies, but was also extended to all Eastern European refugees. There has been debate over Churchill's culpability in the deaths of millions of Indians during the Bengal famine of Some commentators point to the disruption of the traditional marketing system and maladministration at the provincial level as a cause, with Churchill saying that the "starvation of anyway underfed Bengalis is less serious" than that of "sturdy Greeks" and that the famine was the Indians' own fault for "breeding like rabbits".

Arthur L.

Herman , author of Churchill and Gandhi , contends, 'The real cause was the fall of Burma to the Japanese, which cut off India's main supply of rice imports when domestic sources fell short In response to an urgent request by the Secretary of State for India Leo Amery and the Viceroy of India Wavell , to release food stocks for India, Churchill responded with a telegram to Wavell asking, if food was so scarce, "why Gandhi hadn't died yet".

Writer Madhusree Mukerjee argued the famine was exacerbated by Churchill's and the War Cabinet 's decisions, partly through exports of food, but also through indifference at a time when the United Kingdom's storing of food and raw materials "reached Sugar and oilseeds overflowed warehouses and had to be stored outdoors, under tarpaulins. The study also said another cause that exacerbated the death count of the famine was the Japanese capture of Burma which had previously been a source of food imports into India [] []. Between 13—15 February , British and US bombers attacked the German city of Dresden , which was crowded with German wounded and refugees.

Because of the cultural importance of the city, and of the number of civilian casualties close to the end of the war, this remains one of the most controversial Western Allied actions of the war. Following the bombing Churchill stated in a secret telegram:. It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewed I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectives such as oil and communications behind the immediate battle-zone, rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive.

It seems to me that the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests.

If we come into control of an entirely ruined land, there will be a great shortage of accommodation for ourselves and our allies We must see to it that our attacks do no more harm to ourselves in the long run than they do to the enemy's war effort. Ultimately, responsibility for the British part of the attack lay with Churchill, which is why he has been criticised for allowing the bombings to occur.

Grayling questioned the whole strategic bombing campaign by the RAF, presenting the argument that although it was not a war crime it was a moral crime that undermines the Allies' contention that they fought a just war. British historian Frederick Taylor points out that "All sides bombed each other's cities during the war. Half a million Soviet citizens, for example, died from German bombing during the invasion and occupation of Russia. That's roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids.

Soon after VE day there came a dispute with Britain over French mandates Syria and Lebanon , known as the Levant , which quickly developed into a major diplomatic incident. The invasion went ahead, and the British swiftly moved in cutting the French General Fernand Oliva-Roget's telephone line with his base at Beirut. Eventually, heavily outnumbered, Oliva-Roget ordered his men back to their bases near the coast, and they were escorted by the British. A furious row then broke out between Britain and France.

Churchill's relationship with de Gaulle was at this time rock bottom in spite of his efforts to preserve French interests at Yalta and a visit to Paris the previous year. In January he told a colleague that he believed that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain. After five years of experience, I am convinced that he is the worst enemy of France in her troubles I am sure that in the long run no understanding will be reached with General de Gaulle".

For six years Churchill was to serve as the Leader of the Opposition. During these years he continued to influence world affairs. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere.

Churchill's doctor Lord Moran later in his book The Struggle for Survival recalled Churchill suggesting in —the year before he put the idea unsuccessfully in a memo to President Truman—that the United States make a pre-emptive atomic bomb attack on Moscow while the Soviet Union did not yet possess nuclear weapons.

In parliament on 5 June , three days before the London Victory Parade , Churchill said he 'deeply' regretted that:. The fate of Poland seems to be unending tragedy and we who went to war all ill-prepared on her behalf watch with sorrow the strange outcome of our endeavours. Churchill told the Irish Ambassador to London in , "I said a few words in parliament the other day about your country because I still hope for a united Ireland.

You must get those fellows in the north in, though; you can't do it by force. There is not, and never was, any bitterness in my heart towards your country. I don't want to go there at all, I would much rather go to southern Ireland. Maybe I'll buy another horse with an entry in the Irish Derby.

In the summer of , Churchill wrote an article calling for a " United States of Europe ", although wrote that Britain was "with Europe but not of it". He declared "let Europe arise" but was "absolutely clear" that "we shall allow no wedge to be driven between Britain and the United States". Churchill's speeches helped to encourage the foundation of the Council of Europe. He declared that les absents ont toujours tort "the absent are always wrong" and called it "a squalid attitude" which "derange d the balance of Europe" and risked Germany dominating the new grouping.

He called for world unity through the UN against the backdrop of the communist invasion of South Korea , while stressing that Britain was uniquely placed to exert leadership through her links to the Commonwealth, the US and Europe. He listed British Foreign Policy priorities as Commonwealth unity and consolidation, "fraternal association" of the English-speaking world i.

In July , Field-Marshal Montgomery told the press that the aged Churchill, whom he had just visited in hospital where he was being treated for a broken hip, was opposed to Macmillan 's negotiations for Britain to enter the EEC which would, in the event, be vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle , the following January. Churchill told his granddaughter, Edwina, that Montgomery's behaviour in leaking a private conversation was "monstrous".

After the general election of October , Churchill again became prime minister, and his second government lasted until his resignation in April He also held the office of Minister of Defence from October until 1 March , when he handed the portfolio to Field Marshal Alexander. In domestic affairs, various reforms were introduced such as the Mines and Quarries Act and the Housing Repairs and Rents Act The former measure consolidated legislation dealing with the employment of young persons and women in mines and quarries, together with safety, health, and welfare.

The latter measure extended previous housing Acts, and set out details in defining housing units as "unfit for human habitation. Churchill tried in vain to manoeuvre the cabinet into restricting West Indian immigration. Housing was an issue the Conservatives were widely recognised to have made their own, after the Churchill government of the early s, with Harold Macmillan as Minister for Housing, giving housing construction far higher political priority than it had received under the Attlee administration where housing had been attached to the portfolio of Health Minister Aneurin Bevan , whose attention was concentrated on his responsibilities for the National Health Service.

Account Options

Macmillan had accepted Churchill's challenge to meet the latter's ambitious public commitment to build , new homes a year, and achieved the target a year ahead of schedule. Churchill's domestic priorities in his last government were overshadowed by a series of foreign policy crises, which were partly the result of the continued decline of British military and imperial prestige and power.

Being a strong proponent of Britain as an international power , Churchill would often meet such moments with direct action. One example was his dispatch of British troops to Kenya to deal with the Mau Mau rebellion. This was followed by events which became known as the Malayan Emergency which had been in progress since Once again, Churchill's government inherited a crisis, and Churchill chose to use direct military action against those in rebellion while attempting to build an alliance with those who were not.

In the early s, Britain was still attempting to remain a third major power on the world stage.

Primary Sources

This was "the time when Britain stood up to the United States as strongly as she was ever to do in the postwar world". He made four official transatlantic visits to America during his second term as prime minister.

Churchill and Eden visited Washington in January Churchill affected to believe that the proposed EDC would not work, scoffing at the supposed difficulties of language. Churchill asked in vain for a US military commitment to support Britain's position in Egypt and the Middle East where the Truman Administration had recently pressured Attlee not to intervene against Mossadeq in Iran ; this did not meet with American approval—the US expected British support to fight communism in Korea , but saw any US commitment to the Middle East as supporting British imperialism, and were unpersuaded that this would help prevent pro-Soviet regimes from coming to power.

By early , the Cabinet's foreign policy priority was Egypt and the nationalist, anti-imperialist Egyptian Revolution. Egypt had been a British client state , under varying degrees of control and military occupation, since In Britain, keen to restore friendly relations, agreed to terminate her rule in the Sudan by in return for Egypt's abandoning of her own claim over the region. In October , Britain and Egypt would conclude an agreement on the phased evacuation of British troops from the Suez base, to the dismay—privately shared by Churchill—of the "Suez Group" of Conservative backbenchers.

Eisenhower , who had just assumed office as US President, on 11 March proposing a summit meeting with the Soviets; Eisenhower wrote back pouring cold water on the suggestions as the Soviets might use it for propaganda. Some of Churchill's colleagues hoped that he might retire after the Queen's Coronation in May Please make me retire before I am 80! Ministers like Lord Salisbury acting Foreign Secretary and Nutting were concerned at the irritation caused to the Americans and the French, although Selwyn Lloyd supported Churchill's initiative, as did most Conservatives.

In his diary a year later, Eden wrote of Churchill's actions with fury. Churchill had suffered a mild stroke while on holiday in the south of France in the summer of By the time he formed his next government he was slowing down noticeably enough for George VI, as early as December , to consider inviting Churchill to retire in the following year in favour of Anthony Eden , [] but it is not recorded if the King made that approach before his own death in February The strain of carrying the Premiership and Foreign Office contributed to his second stroke at 10 Downing Street after dinner on the evening of 23 June Despite being partially paralysed down one side, he presided over a Cabinet meeting the next morning without anybody noticing his incapacity.

Thereafter his condition deteriorated, and it was thought that he might not survive the weekend. Had Eden been fit, Churchill's premiership would most likely have been over. News of this was kept from the public and from Parliament, who were told that Churchill was suffering from exhaustion. He went to his country home, Chartwell, to recuperate, and by the end of June he astonished his doctors by being able, dripping with perspiration, to lift himself upright from his chair.

He joked that news of his illness had chased the trial of the serial killer John Christie off the front pages. Churchill was still keen to pursue a meeting with the Soviets and was open to the idea of a reunified Germany. He refused to condemn the Soviet crushing of East Germany, commenting on 10 July that "The Russians were surprisingly patient about the disturbances in East Germany ". He thought this might have been the reason for the removal of Beria.

Churchill was annoyed about friction between Eden and Dulles June On the trip home from another Anglo-American conference, the diplomat Pierson Dixon compared US actions in Guatemala to Soviet policy in Korea and Greece , causing Churchill to retort that Guatemala was a "bloody place" he'd "never heard of". Churchill was still keen for a trip to Moscow, and threatened to resign, provoking a crisis in the Cabinet when Lord Salisbury threatened to resign if Churchill had his way.

In the end the Soviets proposed a five-power conference, which did not meet until after Churchill had retired. By the autumn Churchill was again postponing his resignation.