The War of Independence

A war of independence or independence war is a conflict occurring over a territory that has declared independence. Once the state that previously held the .
Table of contents

Small all-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts ; many slaves were promised freedom for serving. Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters, after the war was over, out of political convenience. Another all-black unit came from Saint-Domingue with French colonial forces. At least 5, black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines; others simply moved off in the chaos. When they withdrew their forces from Savannah and Charleston, the British also evacuated 10, slaves belonging to Loyalists.

More than 3, of them were freedmen and most of these were resettled in Nova Scotia; other blacks were sold in the West Indies. Most American Indians east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. A few tribes were on friendly terms with the other Americans, but most Indians opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory. Approximately 13, Indians fought on the British side, with the largest group coming from the Iroquois tribes, who fielded around 1, men.

Members of the Mohawk nation fought on both sides. Many Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the colonists. Mohawk leaders Joseph Louis Cook and Joseph Brant sided with the Americans and the British respectively, and this further exacerbated the split. Early in July , a major action occurred in the fledgling conflict when the Cherokee allies of Britain attacked the western frontier areas of North Carolina. Their defeat resulted in a splintering of the Cherokee settlements and people, and was directly responsible for the rise of the Chickamauga Cherokee , bitter enemies of the Colonials who carried on a frontier war for decades following the end of hostilities with Britain.

Pybus estimates that about 20, slaves defected to or were captured by the British, of whom about 8, died from disease or wounds or were recaptured by the Patriots. The British took some 12, at the end of the war; of these remained in slavery.

Cookies on the BBC website

Including those who left during the war, a total of about to 10, slaves gained freedom. Baller examines family dynamics and mobilization for the Revolution in central Massachusetts. He reports that warfare and the farming culture were sometimes incompatible. Militiamen found that living and working on the family farm had not prepared them for wartime marches and the rigors of camp life.

Rugged individualism conflicted with military discipline and regimentation. A man's birth order often influenced his military recruitment, as younger sons went to war and older sons took charge of the farm. A person's family responsibilities and the prevalent patriarchy could impede mobilization.


  • A Court Divided: The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law.
  • Prelude to war;
  • American Revolution | Causes, Battles, Aftermath, & Facts | leondumoulin.nl.
  • Perception and Reality in the Modern Yugoslav Conflict: Myth, Falsehood and Deceit 1991-1995 (Contem.
  • The War of Independence!
  • Hardy Boys 10: What Happened at Midnight (The Hardy Boys);

Harvesting duties and family emergencies pulled men home regardless of the sergeant's orders. Some relatives might be Loyalists, creating internal strains. On the whole, historians conclude the Revolution's effect on patriarchy and inheritance patterns favored egalitarianism. McDonnell shows a grave complication in Virginia's mobilization of troops was the conflicting interests of distinct social classes, which tended to undercut a unified commitment to the Patriot cause. The Assembly balanced the competing demands of elite slave-owning planters, the middling yeomen some owning a few slaves , and landless indentured servants, among other groups.

The Assembly used deferments, taxes, military service substitute, and conscription to resolve the tensions. Unresolved class conflict, however, made these laws less effective. There were violent protests, many cases of evasion, and large-scale desertion, so that Virginia's contributions came at embarrassingly low levels.

With the British invasion of the state in , Virginia was mired in class division as its native son, George Washington, made desperate appeals for troops. These are some of the standard works about the war in general that are not listed above; books about specific campaigns, battles, units, and individuals can be found in those articles. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about military actions only.

For political and social developments, including the origin and aftermath of the war, see American Revolution.

The American War of Independence: The Rebels and the Redcoats

American Revolutionary War Clockwise: Dutch Republic [5] Mysore [6] American Indians:. American Revolutionary War Campaigns and theaters. New York and New Jersey campaign. Saratoga campaign and Philadelphia campaign. Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War. Peace of Paris and Treaty of Paris Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War.

Hessian soldier and Loyalist American Revolution. Continental Army and Minutemen. George Washington in the American Revolution. Colonists who supported the British and opposed the Revolution are referred to as "Loyalists" or "Tories". The geographical area of the thirteen colonies is often referred to simply as "America". Medical Men in the American Revolution The navy of the American Revolution: The Burrows Brothers Co. Retrieved May 25, Archived from the original PDF on September 27, Retrieved September 23, University of Chicago Press, Archived from the original on March 23, Retrieved November 29, Journal de la societe des Americanistes.

Archived from the original on June 5, Retrieved June 4, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: Retrieved January 7, Retrieved April 21, Atlas of World Military History. No Taxation without Representation: Archived from the original PDF on May 13, Political Ideology in Eighteenth-century Britain — H.

Retrieved — via Books. A History of the American People. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree, Empire or Independence, — New York: In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of Nash; Carter Smith Atlas Of American History. Conspiracy Theories in American History: A Leap in the Dark. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA: Independence Hall Association , publishing electronically as ushistory. Archived from the original on April 2, Retrieved March 14, The plan was considered very attractive to most of the members, as it proposed a popularly elected Grand Council which would represent the interests of the colonies as a whole, and would be a continental equivalent to the English Parliament.

After a sincere debate, it was rejected by a six to five vote on October 22, It may have been the arrival of the Suffolk County Boston resolutions that killed it. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: But, from the necessity of the case, and a regard to the mutual interest of both countries, we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonfide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a revenue on the subjects, in America, without their consent.

A New Look at the Past , p. This is the total size of Smith's force. A History of the American Revolution. Major General Richard Montgomery: The Making of an American Hero. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. Anderson, The Battle for the Fourteenth Colony: Portrait of a Province. Desjardin, Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold's March to Quebec, Lefkowitz, Benedict Arnold's Army: Random House Trade Paperbacks.

Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, — University of South Carolina Press. Rebels and Redcoats, p. Rebels and Redcoats , pp. Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief of the continental navy during the American Revolution, to Essays in the economic history of the Atlantic world. Resolutions of the Second Continental Congress". The text of the king's speech is online , published by the American Memory project.

Historical Dictionary of Ireland. A History of England. Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, — Origins of the American Revolution. The Continentals' First Battle. Botner III, p. Morris and Jeffrey B. North Callahan p. America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace. The city at the heart of the American Revolution The new complete history of the United States of America, Volume 6. British Prison Ships in the American Revolution Washington Crossing the Delaware. Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces, usually between 21—23 killed, 80—95 wounded, and — captured including the wounded.

Battles of the Revolutionary War, — IV , p. The Battle of Bennington: The War of the Revolution. History of land battles in North America. Taaffe, The Philadelphia Campaign, — , pp. Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution. A History of American Foreign Relations to The American Secretaries of State and their diplomacy V. Retrieved May 8, American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to The Great Powers and American Independence. The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution. Spain's Contribution to the independence of the United States.

United States of America. United States Diplomatic History: From Revolution to Empire. Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of — University of Exeter Press. Retrieved 28 August Retrieved 16 November The American Victory in the War of Independence. Univ of South Carolina Press. Little, Brown, , p. The Turning Point of the Revolution. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Retrieved 2 June In Michael Duffy Ed. Parameters of British Naval Power, — Retrieved 12 April Johnson Publishing , p. VI , p.

The Rise and Fall of the American Empire: Retrieved 14 November The English Historical Review. Dictionnaire des batailles navales franco-anglaises. Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, — Spain and the Independence of the United States: The Life of Horatio Lord Nelson. Diario de don Francisco de Saavedra. The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson. A Dream of Glory, — The History of British India: The State at War in South Asia.

University of Nebraska Press. Archived from the original on December 30, Retrieved June 2, New York Public Library. A Response to Pankaj Mishra". As late as , following the disastrous British defeat by Tipu Sultan of Mysore at the Battle of Pollilur, 7, British men, along with an unknown number of women, were held captive by Tipu in his sophisticated fortress of Seringapatam. Political History of Carnatic under the Nawabs. The Rhode Island Campaign of Rhode Island Bicentennial Federation. Jersey City and its historic sites. William Tryon and the course of empire: The American Revolutionary War.

A Well Executed Failure: The Sullivan campaign against the Iroquois, July—September History of Washington County. George Rogers Clark Papers. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, — Cambridge University Press, Grenier argues that "The slaughter the Indians and rangers perpetrated was unprecedented. A Man of Distinction among Them: Kent State University Press, Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Waynes Legion in the Old Northwest. University of Oklahoma Press. The Old Northwest in the American Revolution: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, The American Revolution in the South Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution.

A Battlefield History Rankin, North Carolina in the American Revolution The American Revolution in the Carolinas. Retrieved January 26, Cornwallis could not afford the casualties his army sustained, and withdrew to Wilmington. By doing so, Cornwallis ceded control of the countryside to the Continentals. General Greene , Appleton and Company , p. University of Alabama Press. South Carolina Patriot in the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis wrote this pamphlet shortly after the war in explanation of his actions.

This lack of notification was one of Clinton's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy which followed the surrender at Yorktown. The Battle of Yorktown, George Washington's Generals and Opponents: The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, — Virginia in the American Revolution The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, Retrieved 8 February The Campaign that Won America.

The Perils of Peace. George Washington and the Battle of Yorktown The House of Commons — Deel 3 in Dutch , Rotterdam: History of the Corps of Royal Engineers.

Mexican War of Independence

The Great Siege , Gibraltar: University Press of the Pacific. The frontier war for American independence. Archaeology of colonial Pensacola. University Press of Florida. Wars of the Americas: Comprising a General Description of the Colony: A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history. Major Operations of the Royal Navy, — Warfare in the Eighteenth Century. Historical record of the Royal Marine Forces, Volume 2. Thomas and William Boone. Command at Sea, — Battles of the Honorourable East India Company.

Retrieved 4 June Battle Honours of the Indian Army — Retrieved 3 November History of Tipu Sultan. Retrieved 19 January A history of the British army. Warships of the world to In Hagan, Kenneth J. Strategy in the American War of Independence: British friends of the American Revolution. Persistence of a British Idea. Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. Garry Clifford and Shane J.


  • American Revolutionary War - Wikipedia.
  • The Tao of the Universe.
  • War of independence - Wikipedia?

Maddock, American foreign relations: A history, to vol 1 p. A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, — U of Toronto Press. Kaplan, "The Treaty of Paris, The Genesis of the French Revolution: Gazetteer of South India, Volume 1. Smith, "Josiah Harmar, Diplomatic Courier. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, and ratified in the U.

Hostilities in India continued until July The Great Powers and American Independence The lower figure for number of wounded comes from Chambers, p.

The War of Independence

Retrieved 26 September The American Revolution — The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". The Journal of Economic History. There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world.

Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, — pp. Retrieved 14 January The Brief American Pageant: A History of the Republic, Volume I: The War of American Independence — Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Las Rutas de la Plata: Figures include the 41st regiment of invalids, but not the 20 independent companies on garrison duty. Troops in India were under the control of the East India Company , and did not become part of the British Army until The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain — Stationery Office, , pp. Manuscripts in the Public Record Office, 5: On militia see Boatner , p.

Archived from the original on April 22, However, this statement is referenced to a note on pp. Totals obtained by Cornwallis, dated 15 January, show that the whole legion had men, but approximately were dragoons". There would therefore appear to be no evidence for putting the total strength of the five British Legion Light Infantry companies at more than The North Carolina Historical Review. The American Revolution in the South, — ". Retrieved 18 November The Military Experience in the Age of Reason. Archived from the original on July 28, Retrieved 10 June Retrieved 20 June New York Historical Society Collections, , p.

The World of the American Revolution: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on October 31, Archived from the original on July 15, Stevens London, , pp. O'Callaghan Albany, , p. General, Letters and Journals, translated from the original German by W. Stone Albany, p. National Identity and the Common British Soldier. Leading the Army from to the Present.

Ferling, Almost A Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence , pp. The Birth of American Independence. New York Through the Centuries. This lack of notification was one of Clinton's main arguments in his own defense in the controversy that followed the surrender at Yorktown. A History of England: In the Eighteenth Century. Companion to the American Revolution , ch. Accessed January 29, Retrieved November 5, Military Experience in the Age of Reason. In the original edition, p. Washington, Rochambeau, and the Yorktown Campaign of online. British Intelligence Operations during the American Revolution.

Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, — Freeman, and Richard Harwell, Washington p. Lengel, General George Washington: A Military Life pp. Encyclopedia of African American History. Hill and Wang, , p. The William and Mary Quarterly. Three Regions in Transition Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, , pp. The war for independence and the transformation of American society.

Retrieved March 25, Grant, "Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, — Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Fight for Independence, — Analysis from a noted British military historian. Benn, Carl Historic Fort York, — Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Military topics, references many secondary sources. The American Revolution in Indian Country: Chambers, John Whiteclay II, ed.

Oxford University Press , Don't Tread on Me. University Press of the Pacific, , reprinted Oxford University Press, Fletcher, Charles Robert Leslie. An Introductory History of England: The Great European War , Volume 4. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Blackwell, ; reprint Collection of essays focused on political and social history. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, — Northeastern University Press, The Last Great Battle in the North.

The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution — The University of Massachusetts Press , Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War. The War for America: Reprinted University of Nebraska Press , Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership. Greenwood Publishing Group, A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie LLC, The Men who Lost America: A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence.

Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. George the Third and Charles Fox: Standard history of British politics. The American Way of War. Indiana University Press, America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: An account of the British politics on the conduct of the war.

Continental Congress Army Navy Marines. France army navy Hortalez et Cie. Prisoners Society of the Cincinnati The Turtle. African Americans Timeline Women. Textbooks at Wikibooks Images and media at the Commons. Quotations at Wikiquote News stories at Wikinews. Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces. List of conflicts in the U. List of wars involving the U. History of the United States.

Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial — — — — — — — — — —present. Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court. It was decided that the new state would be made up of twenty-six of the thirty-two Irish counties. Born in Cork, Michael Collins was an Irish revolutionary. He took part in the Rising in Dublin. He was part of the delegation that negotiated the Anglo-Irish Treaty in , the terms of which led to the Irish Civil War in Collins became the commander in chief of the forces of the new Irish government. He was killed in an ambush by anti-Treaty republicans in his native Cork in Griffith, Arthur — was born in Dublin.

He started his career as a printer, becoming a journalist and writer and finally a politician. He edited the weekly paper, the United Irishman in which he wrote editorials urging the Irish to work for self- government. In , he founded Cumann na nGaedheal, a cultural and education association aimed at the promotion of Irish culture. Filter result by type: Upload to this page Add your photos, text, videos, etc.

Medieval Ireland Norman Ireland: Image courtesy of the Michael Collins Centre, Clonakilty. Arthur Griffith Griffith, Arthur — was born in Dublin.