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Table of contents

The meeting adopted a set of decisions including on ecosystem restoration, marine and coastal biodiversity and customary sustainable use, with a focus on implementation at the national and local levels. It also adopted an interim target of doubling biodiversity-related international financial resource flows to developing countries by , and at least maintaining this level until , coupled with targets aiming to improve the robustness of baseline information, as well as a preliminary reporting framework for monitoring resource mobilization.

ENB Report | CBD COP 13 | Dec | Cancún, MX | IISD Reporting Services

COP 12 October , Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea reaffirmed the COP 11 agreement to double total biodiversity-related international financial resource flows to developing countries. It introduces an advance informed agreement AIA procedure for imports of LMOs for intentional introduction into the environment, and also incorporates the precautionary approach and mechanisms for risk assessment and risk management. The Protocol establishes a Biosafety Clearing-House BCH to facilitate information exchange, and contains provisions on capacity building and financial resources, with special attention to developing countries and those without domestic regulatory systems.

It entered into force on 11 September and currently has parties. The major divergences during the negotiations concerned the nature of the regime and whether or not it should include legally-binding provisions on civil liability; definitions; and the issue of financial security.

Countries can provide for civil liability in their domestic law. The Supplementary Protocol was opened for signature on 7 March With 36 ratifications to date, it will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the 40th instrument of ratification.

NAGOYA PROTOCOL ON ABS: The objective of the Nagoya Protocol, which was concluded in October , is the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and technologies, and by appropriate funding, thereby contributing to the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of its components.

It applies to genetic resources covered by the CBD and to traditional knowledge associated with such genetic resources, also covering genetic resources held by indigenous and local communities; sets out obligations for parties on access, benefit-sharing, and compliance; and provides for the establishment of national focal points and competent national authorities, an ABS Clearing-House, and implementation support through capacity building, technology transfer and financial provisions.

The Protocol opened for signature on 2 February With 92 ratifications to date, it entered into force on 12 October COP-MOP 1 October , Pyeongchang adopted the strategic framework for capacity building and an awareness-raising strategy, as well the modalities for the operation of the ABS Clearing-House, and procedures and mechanisms to promote compliance with the Nagoya Protocol. Ministers and Heads of Delegation commit to mainstream biodiversity through, inter alia :. The annex contains guidance for mainstreaming conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in: agriculture, crops and livestock; fisheries and aquaculture; forestry; and tourism.

On agriculture, crops and livestock, the guidance notes that meeting global food demands in a sustainable way is achievable, but will require significant actions to change some existing policies and practices through, inter alia : the adoption of a holistic integrated view and assessment of ecosystems and of the interlinkages between agriculture and biodiversity; the recognition, conservation and sustainable management of soil as a living ecosystem; and sustainable consumption and production patterns.

On fisheries and aquaculture, actions to ensure sustainability require: integrating the ecosystem approach into fisheries policies, programmes and plans; safeguarding livelihoods of fishing communities; promoting and encouraging aquaculture that uses native species; developing strategies to reduce illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; and strengthening implementation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

On forest conservation and sustainable use, the guidance recommends, among others: designing and promoting incentive packages for restoration, conservation and sustainable use of forest resources; promoting participation of the private sector in the development of production chains oriented to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, while increasing the economic and social benefits of landholders and local communities; and promoting the implementation of the International Agreement on Forests.

Pacchiano highlighted the Cancun Declaration, noting, inter alia , the need for: political will to take into account the economic value of ecosystem services; accountability mechanisms; and increased collaboration among governments, academia, the private sector and other stakeholders. UN Environment Programme UNEP or UN Environment Deputy Executive Director Ibrahim Thiaw noted: the interaction between biodiversity and all SDGs; the importance of combating environmental crime, especially illegal trade of wildlife and timber; and the fact that climate change adaptation and mitigation can only be achieved with healthy ecosystems.

On the Cartagena Protocol, he highlighted progress in areas such as the Biosafety Clearing-House BCH , while progress is needed on issues including capacity building for risk assessment and unintentional transboundary movement. Noting that only four more ratifications are needed for the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to enter into force, he called on parties to deposit instruments of ratification as soon as possible. On the Nagoya Protocol, Dias noted a number of national efforts on ABS, while outstanding issues include consideration of a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism.

He expressed concern that Global Environment Facility GEF funds were not assigned to countries in the region, and urged that funding be made available in the next GEF replenishment. He called for pursuing synergies with the SDGs, and with multiple international initiatives.

Chad, for the African Group, underscored the insufficient support for participation of African countries in this meeting, and called for financial resources for the implementation of the Strategic Plan. Australia, also on behalf of Canada, Lichtenstein, Norway, New Zealand, Israel and the US: welcomed the COP 13 theme on mainstreaming biodiversity for well-being and its relevance for sustainable development; and noted financial shortfalls across multilateral environmental agreements, as well as the need to ensure the full participation of developing countries and IPLCs and to seek funding from various sources.

The International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity IIFB called for indigenous participation in the implementation of all CBD decisions and throughout all CBD processes, including work on description of ecologically or biologically significant marine areas. Reminding delegates that there is little time left until and only one third of the Aichi Targets are on track, the CBD Alliance called for: protection of small-scale farming; a rights-based approach to biodiversity conservation; adoption of the definition of synthetic biology developed by the Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group AHTEG and consideration of its socio-economic issues; and a moratorium on development of gene drives.

Reminding delegates that children and youth will have to live with the consequences of increasingly unpredictable environmental events, the Global Youth Biodiversity Network GYBN urged following up on CBD commitments to enable livelihoods for future generations. On Monday, 5 December, plenary heard statements from international organizations and stakeholders. The WGs met throughout the two weeks and adopted their reports on Saturday, 17 December. Following a brief presentation of two budget scenarios, delegates established a budget group, chaired by Spencer Thomas Grenada.

Diego Pacheco, Vice-Minister of Planning and Coordination, Bolivia, identified the symbiotic relationship between indigenous peoples and nature, their organization of commons and wealth distribution as features of living in harmony with nature.

Professor Tohru Nakashizuka, Tohoku University, Japan, presented examples from Japan, including on globally important agricultural heritage systems and the Satoyama Initiative. Penninah Zaninka, Uganda, stressed the importance of incorporating gender dimensions in natural resource management and provided specific examples of traditional activities performed by the Batwa.

Mexico noted that NBSAPs are the most important national tool to meet the Aichi Targets and, with many, called for intensifying efforts to meet them. Venezuela, with many, stressed the need for financial resources and resource mobilization strategies to implement the Strategic Plan and NBSAPs.

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Many called for support from international organizations. Colombia underscored the importance of synergies with other biodiversity-related conventions.

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The Republic of Korea called for additional indicators for the Aichi Targets that are harder to quantify. Indonesia suggested reflecting in the draft decision the central role of national focal points. Switzerland, with others, suggested preparing for a follow-up to the Strategic Plan. Birdlife International, on behalf of several conservation organizations, noted that national targets lack in ambition compared to the Aichi Targets.

When considering the draft decision, delegates agreed to convene workshops subject to requests by parties, as proposed by Canada, in collaboration with relevant regional and subregional organizations, as proposed by Namibia and New Zealand. Agreement on these issues was reached following informal consultations. On Saturday, 17 December, plenary adopted the decision. On tools to evaluate the effectiveness of policy instruments for Strategic Plan implementation, the COP requests the Secretariat, subject to available resources, to compile and analyze information provided by parties in their sixth national reports and to the Clearing-House Mechanism CHM , on evaluations of the effectiveness of measures undertaken to implement the Strategic Plan.

On review of progress towards Aichi Target 16 on the Nagoya Protocol, the COP invites parties that have not yet done so to ratify the Protocol, and requests the Secretariat to continue providing technical assistance, with a view to supporting its ratification and implementation. It further invites parties to take note of and to apply, as appropriate, the voluntary guidelines contained in the Elements to Facilitate Domestic Implementation of ABS for Different Subsectors of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, welcomed by the CGRFA and the FAO Conference, and are aimed at assisting governments to take into account, in the development and implementation of ABS measures, the importance of genetic resources for food and agriculture, their special role for food security, and the distinctive features of the different subsectors of genetic resources for food and agriculture.

On the follow-up to the Strategic Plan, the COP recognizes the need for a comprehensive and participatory process to develop proposals for the follow-up to the Strategic Plan, and requests the Secretariat to prepare a proposal for consideration by SBI 2. It further requests preparation of an assessment, including a gap analysis on the relationship between the Aichi Targets and the SDGs for SBSTTA consideration, subject to available resources and building on already available information.


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Bolivia recommended reference to living in harmony with nature and to the Chennai Declaration for the integration of biodiversity and poverty eradication. With Norway, the EU favored a reference to natural capital protocols, which was opposed by Malawi and Uganda. The African Group proposed developing indicators for measuring gains achieved through mainstreaming.

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Venezuela opposed inviting governments to use environmental economic accounting. Argentina preferred reference to natural resource accounting than natural capital accounting. On ecological intensification, El Salvador, the Russian Federation and the Philippines, opposed by Egypt, supported encouraging parties to develop clear legal and policy frameworks for land use, as well as promote and support the sustainable and ecological intensification and diversification of agriculture and agro-ecological approaches. Canada preferred encouraging parties to develop policy, but not legal, frameworks for land use.

Malaysia proposed eliminating reference to enforcing legal frameworks for land use. Fiji recommended recognition of IPLC rights to their lands and resources. Morocco opposed reference to diversification of production. Delegates agreed on: encouraging sustainable agricultural production, that may include increases in productivity, based on the sustainable management of ecosystem services and functions, diversification of agriculture, agro-ecological approaches and organic farming, through the enhanced use of a diverse range of well-adapted crops and livestock; and promoting development, transfer, use and scaling up of technological innovation and TK, as well as innovative tools and strategies that are sustainable and biodiversity-friendly.

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On certification, Egypt, Japan and others favored, while Norway, Egypt, Venezuela and El Salvador opposed, inviting governments to make use of voluntary certification schemes for sustainably produced goods and services. Indonesia proposed reference to the need to respect national law.

On further work, the EU called for addressing impacts on biodiversity from extractive, energy and manufacturing sectors, and mainstreaming biodiversity also in the health sector and in urban and regional planning. The decision was adopted in plenary on Saturday, 17 December, with a minor amendment. On tourism, the COP invites parties, as appropriate and in accordance with national legislation, to:.

On future work, the COP decides that COP 14 should consider biodiversity mainstreaming into energy and mining, infrastructure, manufacturing and processing industry, and health. Discussions focused on national climate mitigation and adaptation practices related to reducing impacts on biodiversity.

On encouraging governments to fully take into account the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems when developing their nationally determined contributions NDCs , Canada proposed referring to implementation of domestic measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including those consistent with their NDCs.