e-book Connecting the Dots: 6 clinical correlation papers

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The alpha gal story: Lessons learned from connecting the dots 3–6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products (e.g., beef and pork). specific for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in clinical trials for the treatment of weeks, a significant correlation between IgE Ab to alpha-gal and IgE to Lone Star tick.
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Interpersonal skills on the other hand are needed for the effective functioning of teams. Our study extends this individualistic view and argues that the benefits of collaborative learning should also be investigated at the group level and issues like group learning and group information processing should receive more attention in future studies on collaborative learning. This recommendation has a clear connection with the cognitive activation path identified within our study. We wonder however, whether the same recommendation i. An important reason for Davies to recommend additive instead of for example disjunctive performance is dependent on the performance of the best group member or discretionary tasks is that the final two are much more likely to result in free-riding behavior.

Within densely connected teams, however, free-riding is kept in check, since collective sanctioning can take place when a group member does not behave in line with the collective interest. This structure might therefore be very useful for types of tasks carrying the potential for free-riding behavior. If future research finds evidence for this connection between task type and team structure, this might have important implications for practice.

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The collaborative learning literature emphasizes that tasks assigned to student groups should be designed in order to stimulate interdependence and interaction. Instead of the now often made recommendation to adapt the task type to the nature of teamwork expected, one could instead adapt i. To conclude, the current study has shown that the structure of interpersonal interactions in student groups impacts on the emergence of intra-group conflict and in order to effectively manage intra-group conflicts, educators should try to reinforce a particular interpersonal interaction structure.

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Future research should investigate the way in which the interplay between intra-group conflict and social network structure is influenced by variables such as the nature of the task or the type of skills that should be developed through collaborative learning. Based on the high correlation between task and relationship conflict, one general recommendation can be made however: because too many cliques will eventually result in high task conflict and as a result of this also in high relationship conflict, a general advice for educators would be to keep the number of cliques moderately high.

A limitation of the current study is the small sample size that might also account for the fact that the relationships between intra-group conflict and cognitive complexity did not fully reach statistical significance. We would like to stress however, that these effects should certainly not be underestimated, because the standardized effect sizes were moderately large.

Nevertheless, future research should replicate these results using larger samples. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of this study limits the validity of the causality claims for the relationships found. Finally, with regard to the cognitive mapping technique, it may be the case that the structure of the maps is induced by the explicit instructions students received and especially the instruction to reach consensus on the type of conceptual relationships, which remains a boundary condition of our study. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited.

Skip to main content Skip to sections. Advertisement Hide. Download PDF. Connecting the dots: social network structure, conflict, and group cognitive complexity. Open Access. First Online: 29 June Introduction Modern organizations heavily rely on teamwork to accomplish a variety of tasks ranging from production to strategic decisions Devine , and teamwork skills become a valuable asset for employees in most industries Burch and Anderson Hypothesis 4 Network density has a negative direct effect on relationship conflict.

Hypothesis 5 Network fragmentation the number of cliques has a positive direct effect on task conflict. Hypothesis 6 The impact of network density and network fragmentation on GCC is fully mediated by task and relationship conflict. Sample A sample of students women , ranging in age from 20 to 38 average Procedure We used a cognitive conceptual mapping technique Davies, in press to measure group cognitive complexity.

This technique makes it possible to estimate global fit indices for complex mediation models in which several mediator variables are simultaneously used Tomarken and Waller The model fit summary is presented in Fig. We used two categories of fit indices: absolute fit indices which illustrate the general fit of the model and incremental fit indices which compare the tested model with the saturated, null model Widman and Thomson We can thus conclude that the implied variances and covariances match the observed variances and covariances in the data.


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Open image in new window. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited.

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Amason, A. Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision making: Resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39 , — CrossRef Google Scholar. Borgatti, S. Google Scholar. Brown, M. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Long Eds. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Burch, G. Measuring person-team fit: Development and validation of the team selection inventory. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19 , — Burt, R. Structural holes: The social structure of competition.

Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Brokerage and closure: An introduction to social capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carnevale, P.

Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 , — Cohen, E. Restructuring the classroom: Conditions for productive small groups. Review of Educational Research, 64 , 1— Coleman, J. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94 , 95— Cosier, R. Inquiry method effects on performance in a simulated business environment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36 , 79— The effects of framing on inter-group negotiations. Group Decision and Negotiation, 17 4 , — Does conflict shatter trust or does trust obliterate conflict?

Revisiting the relationships between team diversity, conflict, and trust. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14 , 66— Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 11 , — The use of cognitive mapping in eliciting and evaluating group cognitions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40 , — British Journal of Social Psychology. Davies, W. Although slowed gastric motility is the defining feature of gastroparesis, the correlation between gastric emptying time and symptom severity is not well established [ 1 , 2 ].

Introduction

Such a correlation would simplify the treatment of gastroparesis since accelerating gastric motility with prokinetic agents would have a high probability of improving the cardinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bloating, upper abdominal pain, and postprandial fullness. Despite no demonstrated correlation, it is evident in clinical practice that a subset of gastroparesis patients respond well to prokinetic agents, whereas others are refractory to treatment.

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Predicting the patient subset that is likely to respond to prokinetics would be of great clinical use, since it would reduce the number of patients unnecessarily exposed to ineffective treatments and associated adverse drug effects. Albeit an oversimplification of a heterogeneous group, this population can be thought of as on a spectrum, with pure motility disorders on one extreme, and pure sensory disorders on the other.

According to the paradigm, pure prokinetic therapy would have minimal effect on symptom alleviation in patients with pure sensory dysfunction, since their symptoms are generated by visceral neural hypersensitivity, not hypomotility. On the other extreme, patients with pure motility disorders would in theory benefit from prokinetic agents since they treat the underlying pathophysiology. In actual clinical practice, most patients have mixed etiology, which impedes successful treatment. Without a biomarker correlating gastrointestinal symptoms to motility or other measures, empiric therapies are the norm.

The wireless motility capsule WMC is a modality used to assess multiregional gut motility in this patient population that has been increasingly used, mostly at advanced tertiary care centers. Unlike conventional antroduodenal manometry, the enhanced capabilities of the WMC support the simultaneous and convenient measurement of antroduodenal contractility and transit enabling regional or full gut assessment of motility.

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In this issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences , Arora et al. Evaluating the global gut motility profile of these patients can be helpful in aiding clinicians to determine whether there is a focused or diffuse sensory or motility process leading to symptom generation, so that appropriate treatments can be instituted.

Using a retrospective chart review in which the common symptoms of upper and lower GI motility were considered as being present or absent, the authors again failed to find significant correlations between these two variables, in concordance with previous studies [ 7 , 8 ].

The authors thus concluded that WMC testing is useful for characterizing multiregional dysmotility, and in distinguishing between patients with a functional disorder and those with motility disorders, also documenting that symptoms were poor predictors of the anatomical regions affected by dysmotility.

Is there truly no relationship between motility and symptom severity? No line connecting these dots of pathophysiology and presentation? We would argue that if ever a biomarker is to emerge, there is an abundance of well-conducted research to suggest it will not be using the current methodology of trying to connect the presence of binary symptoms to the relatively simple measure of transit times. A complex problem in a heterogeneous population must be analyzed using a multi-dimensional approach.

Arora et al. We have proposed a summary of what clinicians and investigators currently advocate:. The measurement of transit times is an oversimplification of complex physiological or pathological processes. Although transit time is easily measured using WMC testing, it ignores valuable contractile pressure data. Transit times are assessed using the pH sensor of the WMC; however, the pressure sensor provides a wealth of contractile information including contraction frequency and amplitude; these data are vast, relatively unstudied, and ripe for exploration.