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The ISS offers a microgravity research platform for those who need to leverage its unique environment.
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- Landmark NASA Twins Study Reveals Space Travel's Effects on the Human Body
The Soyuz launch vehicle is a significant asset for transferring both crew and cargo to and from the ISS.
It is utilized by Russian, U. Soyuz and the space shuttle are the only human-rated launch vehicles currently available. For crew rotation missions, the Soyuz family of rockets carries the Soyuz spacecraft with three seats; the Soyuz-derived Progress spacecraft is used for cargo missions and has a 1,kg cargo capacity. The Proton rocket is an expendable launch vehicle capable of transferring payloads up to 20, kg to LEO.
The Ariane 5 is a heavy-lift launch vehicle operated by Arianespace for both commercial and ESA services.
The ATV is an autonomous but human-rated resupply vessel capable of ferrying a total of 7, kg of pressurized and unpressurized cargo, as well as transferable fuel, to the ISS. Furthermore, the ATV is capable of providing orbit-raising boosts to the ISS and can remain berthed to it for extended periods of time to provide for additional living space. Re-entry and return systems for ATV evolution concepts have been under study by ESA to allow for eventual options to return cargo and crew to Earth. ESA and Arianespace are developing the Vega launch vehicle to place smaller , kg payloads into orbit economically.
It has a lift capacity of 16, kg to a LEO with a Free-flyers are satellites that can be used for automated microgravity research in both biological and physical sciences, such as growing bacteria in space or exposing materials to the space environment, among many other uses. Mission durations, satellite bus and payload sizes, and mission purposes vary widely. Free-flyers can operate either with or without human interaction, and may or may not return samples or data back to Earth autonomously. Some free-flyers will only transmit data back to Earth and are not designed for re-entry.
In many respects, the ISS is itself a very large free-flyer, albeit a permanently crewed one. Traditional free-flyers are typically not designed for or expected to interact with human operators following their launch, unless samples are returned to Earth from orbit. Although it has been proposed that the ISS act as a node for free-flyers, at which visiting vehicles can rendezvous and be refurbished with new payloads, hardware, and software, there is no indication that the ISS will be used in this way.
The Microsatellite Free Flyer program was created to add additional research capacity to U. The CubeSat was developed in at the California Polytechnic State University with a universal standard that can be adopted and built anywhere in the world. A CubeSat consists of one, two, or three cube units 1U, 2U, and 3U, respectively to make a single satellite.
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An individual cube measures 10 cm per side with a mass of up to 1. The primary mission of the CubeSat is to provide access to space for small payloads at costs that are inexpensive compared with traditional satellite platforms. They can be used for experiments in the biological, physical, materials, and Earth sciences. With the mass and size restraints of the CubeSat platform, it remains to be seen what future capabilities CubeSats will have, but already they have been used to expose materials to the space environment, grow cultures in space, and take pictures of Earth.
The Foton is an uncrewed, Russian-built retrievable capsule, providing an intermediate microgravity platform. It was first launched by the Soviet Union in and today is launched out of the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The Kazakhstan-Russia border is the general area from which capsules are retrieved. The Foton also allows for the use of interactive experiment operations telescience. The capsule measures 3. While in orbit, the attitude control system is not used, and the spacecraft does experience a low level of spin around 0.
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It can hold up to kg of scientific payload, with a volume measuring 1. The size and mass of a single payload is not limited by any specific criteria and will be established by ESA on a case-by-case and mission-by-mission basis. Power comes from a battery module containing lithium cells and AgZn batteries, providing an average daily power electrical budget of W during a typical 2-week mission. Capsule pressure is generally kept around 1 atm but can range from 0. The capsule is subjected to three types of radiation sources: background radiation 0.
To orient the reader, general types of ground-based facilities are discussed first, according to the general field of research in which they are used: physical sciences, life sciences including biomedical research , and space radiation research. A more specific inventory of facilities relevant to microgravity research follows, starting with U. General Types by Field of Research. There are three major types of ground-based facility that can be used for microgravity experiments in the physical sciences: drop towers, parabolic flights, and sounding rockets. A drop tower is a tall vertical shaft, multiple stories high, where drop experiments can be conducted.
As they free-fall down the shaft, in a casement that protects the experiment from the effects of drag, a microgravity environment will be experienced for a short time, usually a few seconds. Similar to the idea of a drop tower, sounding rockets provide microgravity by allowing experiments to free-fall but through a much larger distance. Sounding rockets can reach altitudes of up to to km before releasing the experimental payload and allowing it to free-fall.
The NASA program in polar ballooning with its fruitful partnership with the National Science Foundation also offers the possibility of reaching the edge of space with potential for free-fall payloads similar to sounding rockets. Microgravity is achieved during a parabolic flight by flying an airplane on a parabolic trajectory. At the start of the parabolic climb, a period of increased gravity is followed by approximately 20 s of microgravity before another period of increased gravity, after which the plane pulls out of the parabolic trajectory and gravity returns to a 1- g state.
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In addition to parabolic flights and sounding rockets drop towers have not been routinely used by life scientists , space life sciences researchers use a range of specialized ground-based facilities to understand effects of the spaceflight environment on biological systems. These facilities are often highly specialized and target a specific component of spaceflight. For example, the Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, allows specific research on closed environment activities related to plant growth, such as testing whether low-pressure environments could be used to reduce system mass when growing plants in space.
Similar specialized ground facilities are essential components of research to understand the effects of space radiation on microbial, plant, and animal biology in space. Facilities for ground-based research in biomedical sciences are available in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Exposure to radiation in space involves predominantly exposure to galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events. Although galactic cosmic rays may be formed from most of the elements in the periodic table, about 90 percent of the particles are protons. The remaining 10 percent are helium, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, or iron ions, exposure to which is much more damaging per unit dose than similar exposures to conventional medical x-rays or gamma rays used in radiation therapy.
Solar particle events involve exposures to energetic protons, which are similar in their radiobiological effects to x-rays and gamma rays. However, protons as well as most heavy ions have dose-distribution features in biological systems that are different from conventional radiotherapy qualities of radiation and may have unique biological effects on the host. Space radiation of various types has been only poorly studied in the literature and requires unique facilities available at only a few places on Earth.
Recent approaches to patient radiotherapy have found protons to be beneficial in treating some forms of cancer, and several radiation therapy groups in the United States have constructed proton irradiation devices to carry out specialized proton therapy for particular cancers.
Among these are the Loma Linda University and the University of Pennsylvania facilities, both of which are permitting NASA-funded proton irradiation experiments when patients are not being treated. These facilities have been used to mimic solar particle irradiation that involves mostly exposure to protons. Ground-Based Facilities. The United States has a multitude of facilities across the country for studying microgravity sciences and the effects of spaceflight on humans.
National Laboratories and some universities. Laboratory module. Precision sensors measure vehicle thrust in the x, y, and z axes to within a fraction of an ounce. The technology developed for this facility could be scaled to support even larger and more complex simulations such as rendezvous and docking maneuvers for two independently operated vehicles, as well as terrestrial lander studies for various microgravity environments. Genome Research Facility Fundamental Biology The goal of the Genome Research Facility is to support NASA research objectives in the areas of nanotechnology, fundamental space biology, and astrobiology, specifically through the development of devices that can detect single molecules of nucleic acids, decode DNA sequence variations in the genome of any organism, and apply functional genomic assays to determine molecular information processing functions in model organisms.
Landmark NASA Twins Study Reveals Space Travel's Effects on the Human Body
The Genome Research Facility also makes use of NASA Advanced Supercomputing capabilities to develop bioinformatics algorithms used to support the optimization of oligonucleotide array design and molecular dynamic modeling of ion signatures in nanopores. These data document the effects of spaceflight and are available for use by researchers. In addition, this archive also includes space-flown biospecimens available to scientific researchers who are pursuing answers to questions relevant to the Human Research Program.
Centrifuge Facilities Gravitational Biology NASA Ames centrifuge facilities consist of four main centrifuges: a human-rated g centrifuge and three nonhuman accelerator facilities. Of the latter, the ft-diameter centrifuge was designed to create hypergravitational research conditions for small animal, plant, and hardware payloads, while the 8-ft-diameter centrifuge was designed specifically to accommodate habitats developed for the ISS. When this centrifuge is configured with an onboard tissue culture incubator to study the effects on cultured cells of exposure to short- or long-duration hypergravity, it is referred to as the Hypergravity Facility for Cell Culture.
Bioengineering Branch Human Research Facility The development of these technologies is focused on the need to increase mission self-sufficiency by minimizing mass, power, and volume requirements through regeneration of vital resources. The Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures Project supports the lead project office at NASA JSC in developing exercise countermeasure prescriptions and exercise devices for space exploration that are effective, optimized, and validated to meet medical, vehicle, and habitat requirements.
Current projects include the development of a more comfortable harness for use on the ISS treadmill; an enhanced zero-gravity locomotion simulator, which is a new ground-based simulator developed to address the negative physiological effects of spaceflight on the musculoskeletal system; and assessments of locomotion in simulated lunar gravity relating to critical mission tasks that may be required by a crew member on a lunar mission.
All body systems, such as the cardiovascular and vestibular systems, will be simulated at the level of detail required to understand the effects of spaceflight. As part of this computational effort, Glenn Research Center is responsible for creating detailed modules that predict functional cardiac changes, alterations in bone remodeling physiology, and changes in muscle activation resulting from extended-duration reduced-gravity exposure. Additionally, Glenn Research Center recently completed work on a module simulating renal stone formation and transport in microgravity.
This center is also responsible for leading project-wide verification and validation of the integrated model. The Integrated Medical Model program develops protocols relating to planned responses for potential injuries to astronauts in space such as bone fracture, insomnia, kidney stones, head injuries, and other ailments.