Guide A Discourse in Commemoration of the Life and Services of Daniel Webster

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A Discourse in Commemoration of the Life and Services of Daniel Webster: Delivered Before the Citizens of Providence, November 23, (Classic Reprint).
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Daniel Webster's First Bunker Hill Monument Oration

Customer Reviews. To this patriot band succeeded the Bunker Hill Monument Association. Then the Masonic fraternity, in their splendid regalia, thousands in number. Then Lafayette, continually welcomed by tokens of love and gratitude. It was a splendid procession, and of such length that the front nearly reached Charlestown Bridge ere the rear had left Boston Common.

It proceeded to Breed's Hill, where the Grand Master of the Freemasons, the President of the Monument Association, and General Lafayette, performed the ceremony of laying the corner-stone, in the presence of a vast concourse of people. The procession then moved to a spacious amphitheatre on the northern declivity of the hill, where Hon. Daniel Webster delivered an address. It was at the close of a dedicatory passage on the monument that he uttered the words, "Let it rise till it meet the sun in its coming; let the earliest light of the morning gild it, and parting day linger and play on its summit.

Ticknor, I find the following:— "June 17, We arrived in good season on the hill, where more than twenty thousand people were collected.

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The platform from which Mr. Webster spoke was at the bottom, and temporary seats for several thousand persons were arranged on the rising hillside, while, near the brow above, stood a dense black mass, most of whom could hear what was said. His voice was very clear and full, and his manner very commanding.

The shouts at the first were prolonged until it seemed as if they would not stop : the address brought tears into the eyes of many, and bowed down the heads of the veterans themselves to conceal their emotion" Another interesting contemporary account is found in the United States Literary Gazette for August 1, II : As no definite plan for the monument had been agreed upon, it was before the work of construction began.

The architect was Solomon Willard and the builder was James Savage.

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After many difficulties and delays, the needed money was all secured and the capstone put in place on July 23, Monument Square, covering nearly six acres, embraces the whole site of the redoubt, and a part of the site of the breastwork. The obelisk is thirty feet in diameter at the base, about fifteen at the top, and two hundred and twenty-one feet high. Within the shaft is a hollow cone, with a winding staircase of two hundred and ninety-four steps to the summit.

While these things [the proceedings of the Continental Congress] were going on at Philadelphia, the army of New England men about Boston was busily pressing, to the best of its limited ability, the siege of that town. The army extended in a great semicircle of sixteen miles,—averaging about a thousand men to the mile,—all the way from Jamaica Plain to Charlestown Neck. The headquarters were at Cambridge, where some of the university buildings were used for barracks, and the chief command had been entrusted to General Artemas Ward, under the direction of the committee of safety.

Warren had succeeded Hancock as president of the provincial congress, which was in session at Watertown.

A Discourse in Commemoration of the Life and Services of Daniel Webster

The army was excellent in spirit, but poorly equipped and extremely deficient in discipline. Its military object was to compel the British troops to evacuate Boston and take to their ships; for as there was no American fleet, anything like the destruction or capture of the British force was manifestly impossible.

The only way in which Boston could be made untenable for the British was by seizing and fortifying some of the neighbouring hills which commanded the town, of which the most important were those in Charlestown on the north and in Dorchester on the southeast. To secure these hills was indispensable to Gage, if he was to keep his foothold in Boston; and as soon as Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived, on the 25th of May, with reinforcements which raised the British force to 10, men, a plan was laid for extending the lines so as to cover both Charlestown and Dorchester.

Feeling now confident of victory, Gage issued a proclamation on June 12th, offering free pardon to all rebels who should lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, saving only those ringleaders, John Hancock and Samuel Adams, whose crimes had been "too flagitious to be condoned.

In reply to this manifesto the committee of safety, having received intelligence of Gage's scheme, ordered out a force of men to forestall the governor, and take possession of Bunker Hill in Charlestown. At sunset of the 16th this brigade was paraded on Cambridge Common, and after prayers had been offered by Dr.

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Langdon, president of the University, they set out on their enterprise, under command of Colonel Prescott of Pepperell, a veteran of the French war, grandfather of one of the most eminent of American historians. On reaching the grounds, a consultation was held, and it was decided, in accordance with the general purpose, if not in strict conformity to the letter of the order, to push on farther and fortify the eminence known as Breed's Hill, which was connected by a ridge with Bunker Hill, and might be regarded as part of the same locality. The position of Breed's Hill was admirably fitted for annoying the town and the ships in the harbour, and it was believed that, should the Americans succeed in planting batteries there, the British would be obliged to retire from Boston.

There can be little doubt, however, that in thus departing from the strict letter of his orders Prescott made a mistake, which might have proved fatal, had not the enemy blundered still more seriously. The advance position of Breed's Hill was not only exposed to attacks in the rear from an enemy who commanded the water, but the line of retreat was ill secured, and, by seizing upon Charlestown Neck, it would have been easy for the British, with little or no loss, to have compelled Prescott to surrender.

From such a disaster the Americans were saved by the stupid contempt which the enemy felt for them. Reaching Breed's Hill about midnight, Colonel Prescott's men began throwing up entrenchments. At daybreak they were discovered by the sailors in the harbour, and a lively cannonade was kept up through the forenoon by the enemy's ships; but it produced little effect, and the strength of the American works increased visibly hour by hour. It was a beautiful summer day, bathed in brightest sunshine, and through the clear dry air every movement of the spadesmen on the hill-top and sailors on their decks could be distinctly seen from a great distance.

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The roar of the cannon had called out everybody, far and near, to see what was going on, and the windows and housetops in Boston were crowded with anxious spectators. During the night General Putnam had come upon the scene, and turned his attention to fortifying the crest of Bunker Hill, in order to secure the line of retreat across Charlestown Neck.


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In the course of the forenoon Colonel Stark arrived with reinforcements, which were posted behind the rail fence on the extreme left, to ward off any attempt of the British to turn their flank by a direct attack. At the same time Dr. Warren, now chief executive office of Massachusetts, and just appointed major-general, hastened to the battlefield; replying to the prudent and affectionate remonstrance of his friend Elbridge Gerry, "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. This modest heroism was typical of that memorable day, to the events of which one may well apply the Frenchman's dictum, "C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre!

During the forenoon Gage was earnestly discussion with the three new generals the best means of ousting the Americans from their position on Breed's Hill. There was one sure and obvious method,—to go around by sea and take possession of Charlestown Neck, thereby cutting off the Americans from the mainland and starving them out.

But it was thought that time was too precious to admit of so slow a method. Should the Americans succeed, in the course of the afternoon, in planting a battery of siege guns on Breed's Hill, the British position in Boston would be endangered. A direct assault was preferred, as likely to be more speedily effective. It was unanimously agreed that these "peasants" could not withstand the charge of veteran soldiers, and it was gravely doubted if they would stay and fight at all. Gage accordingly watched the proceeding, buoyant with hope.


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    • In a few hours the disgrace of Lexington would be wiped out, and this wicked rebellion would be ended. At noonday the troops began crossing the river in boats, and at three o'clock they prepared to storm the entrenchments. They advance in two parties, General Howe toward the rail fence, and General Pigott toward the redoubt, and the same fate awaited both. The Americans reserved fire until the enemy had come within fifty yards, when all at once they poured forth such a deadly volley that the whole front rank of the British was mowed as if by the sudden sweep of a scythe.

    For a few minutes the gallant veterans held their ground and returned the fire; but presently an indescribable shudder ran through the line, and they gave way and retreated down the hillside in disorder, while the Americans raised an exultant shout, and were with difficulty restrained by their officers from leaping over the breastworks and pursuing. A pause now ensued, during which the village of Charlestown was set on fire by shells from the fleet, and soon its hour hundred wooden houses were in a roaring blaze, while charred timbers strewed the lawns and flower-beds, and the sky was blackened with huge clouds of smoke.


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      • If the purpose of this wholesale destruction of property was, as some have thought, to screen the second British advance, the object was not attained, for a light breeze drove the smoke the wrong way. As the bridge red coats, such excellent targets for trained marksmen, were seen the second time coming up the slope, the Americans, now cool and confident, withheld their fire until the distance was less than thirty yards. Then, with a quick succession of murderous discharges, such havoc was wrought in the British lines as soon to prove unendurable.

      After a short but obstinate struggle the lines were broken, and the gallant troops retreated hastily, leaving the hillside covered with their dead and wounded. All this time the Americans, in their sheltered position, had suffered by little. So long a time now elapsed that many persons began to doubt if the British would renew the assault. Had the organization of the American army been better, such reinforcements of men and ammunition might by this time have arrive from Cambridge that any further attack upon the hill would be sure to prove fruitless.

      But all was confusion at headquarters. General Ward was ill furnished with staff officers, and wrong information was brought, while order were misunderstood. And besides, in his ignorance of the extent of Gage's plans, General Ward was nervously afraid of weakening the centre at Cambridge. Three regiments were sent over too late to be of any use, and meanwhile Prescott, to his dismay, found that his stock of powder was nearly exhausted.

      While he was making ready for a hand-to-hand fight, the British officers were holding a council of war, and many declared that to renew the attack would be simply useless butchery.

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      On the other hand, General Howe observed, "To be forced to give up Boston would, gentlemen, be very disagreeable to us all. But Howe could not bear to acknowledge the defeat of his attempts to storm, and accordingly, at five o'clock, with genuine British persistency, a third attack was ordered. For a moment the advancing columns were again shaken by the American fire, but the last cartridges were soon spent, and by resolute bayonet charges and irregular volleys that could not be returned, the Americans were slowly driven from their works and forced to retreat over Charlestown Neck, while the whole disputed ground, including the summit of Bunker Hill, passed into the hands of the British.