Quick Reference Guide of the Great State of Oklahoma

Quick Reference Guide. A collaborative effort between Oklahoma State Department of Health. 1st Revision: Wide mediastinum or suspected great vessel.
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Kept up to date! This app is only available on the App Store for iOS devices. Common Education committee leadership update. Updated legislator office information. House committee membership updates, legislator information updates. Updated legislative committee memberships, updated committee meeting times and room numbers. Updated legislative calendar and legislator updates. Updated Attorney General information. Updated legislative committee membership information plus changes to cooperative membership information. Updated legislator and committee information.

Correction of legislator information. In , there were about 5, Jews and 6, Muslims, with 10 congregations to each group. Oklahoma is host to a diverse range of sectors including aviation , energy, transportation equipment, food processing , electronics , and telecommunications. Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. Though oil has historically dominated the state's economy, a collapse in the energy industry during the s led to the loss of nearly 90, energy-related jobs between and , severely damaging the local economy.

In mid, Oklahoma had a civilian labor force of 1. Tulsa is home to the largest airline maintenance base in the world, which serves as the global maintenance and engineering headquarters for American Airlines. The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation. Oklahoma is the nation's third-largest producer of natural gas , and its fifth-largest producer of crude oil.

The state also has the second-greatest number of active drilling rigs , [] [] and it is even ranked fifth in crude oil reserves. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in , [] The state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation. Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical. According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation , Chesapeake Energy Corporation , and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation, [] and all of Oklahoma's Fortune companies are energy-related.

OGE operates four base electric power plants in Oklahoma. Two of them are coal-fired power plants: Two are gas-fired power plants: The 27th-most agriculturally productive state, Oklahoma is fifth in cattle production and fifth in production of wheat.

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With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions , Oklahoma had , students enrolled in 1, public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in school districts as of [update]. The state is among the best in pre-kindergarten education, and the National Institute for Early Education Research rated it first in the United States with regard to standards, quality, and access to pre-kindergarten education in , calling it a model for early childhood schooling. The University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma State University , the University of Central Oklahoma , and Northeastern State University are the largest public institutions of higher education in Oklahoma, operating through one primary campus and satellite campuses throughout the state.

The two state universities, along with Oklahoma City University and the University of Tulsa , rank among the country's best in undergraduate business programs. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation. Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, [] including Northeastern State University , the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River , [] also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma [] and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount.

Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review 's list of best regional colleges in , [] and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade. In the — school year, there were , undergraduate students, 20, graduate students, and 4, first-professional degree students enrolled in Oklahoma colleges. Of these students, 18, received a bachelor's degree, 5, received a master's degree, and received a first professional degree.

This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38, degree-holders per completions component i. July 1, — June 30, National average is 68, total degrees awarded per completions component. Beginning on April 2, , tens of thousands of K—12 public school teachers went on strike due to lack of funding. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma had ranked 49th out of the 50 states in terms of teacher pay in The Cherokee Nation instigated a year language preservation plan that involved growing new fluent speakers of the Cherokee language from childhood on up through school immersion programs as well as a collaborative community effort to continue to use the language at home.

Several universities offer Cherokee as a second language, including the University of Oklahoma and Northeastern State University. Oklahoma is placed in the South by the United States Census Bureau , [29] but lies partially in the, Southwest , and Southern cultural regions by varying definitions, and partially in the Upland South and Great Plains by definitions of abstract geographical-cultural regions. Because many Native Americans were forced to move to Oklahoma when White settlement in North America increased, Oklahoma has much linguistic diversity.


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Mary Linn, an associate professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma and the associate curator of Native American languages at the Sam Noble Museum , notes Oklahoma also has high levels of language endangerment. Sixty-seven Native American tribes are represented in Oklahoma, [67] including 39 federally recognized tribes , who are headquartered and have tribal jurisdictional areas in the state.

Residents of Oklahoma are associated with traits of Southern hospitality —the Catalogue for Philanthropy with data from ranks Oklahomans 7th in the nation for overall generosity. In the state's largest urban areas, pockets of jazz culture flourish, [] and Native American, Mexican American , and Asian American communities produce music and art of their respective cultures.

The state has a rich history in ballet with five Native American ballerinas attaining worldwide fame. The University program was founded in and was the first fully accredited program of its kind in the United States. In Sand Springs , an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland! The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing", [] served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the s.

CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals. In Tulsa, Oklahoma's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company, and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi. The cities of Norman, Lawton, and Stillwater, among others, also host well-reviewed community theatre companies. Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than museums.

Oklahoma's centennial celebration was named the top event in the United States for by the American Bus Association , [] and consisted of multiple celebrations saving with the th anniversary of statehood on November 16, Annual ethnic festivals and events take place throughout the state such as Native American powwows and ceremonial events, and include festivals as examples in Scottish , Irish , German , Italian , Vietnamese , Chinese , Czech , Jewish , Arab , Mexican and African-American communities depicting cultural heritage or traditions. During a ten-day run in Oklahoma City, the State Fair of Oklahoma attracts roughly one million people [] along with the annual Festival of the Arts.

Large national pow wows , various Latin and Asian heritage festivals, and cultural festivals such as the Juneteenth celebrations are held in Oklahoma City each year. The Tulsa State Fair attracts over one million people during its day run, [] and the city's Mayfest festival entertained more than , people in four days during Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival , a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair.

The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third-largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top events in the nation".

Oklahoma has teams in basketball , football , arena football , baseball , soccer , hockey , and wrestling in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. The state had a team in the Women's National Basketball Association , the Tulsa Shock , from through , but the team relocated to Dallas—Fort Worth after that season [] and became the Dallas Wings. In the last-named sport, the state's most notable team was the Tulsa Talons , which played in the Arena Football League until , when the team was moved to San Antonio.

Collegiate athletics are a popular draw in the state. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference , [] one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University average well over 50, fans attending their football games, and Oklahoma's football program ranked 12th in attendance among American colleges in , with an average of 84, people attending its home games.

Sports Illustrated magazine rates Oklahoma and Oklahoma State among the top colleges for athletics in the nation. Opens , the most recent in In , Oklahoma ranked 45th in physicians per capita and slightly below the national average in nurses per capita, but was slightly over the national average in hospital beds per , people and above the national average in net growth of health services over a year period. Oklahomans are in the upper half of Americans in terms of obesity prevalence, and the state is the 5th most obese in the nation, with The Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Southwestern Regional Medical Center in Tulsa is one of four such regional facilities nationwide, offering cancer treatment to the entire southwestern United States, and is one of the largest cancer treatment hospitals in the country.

This was a milestone for a state in the Bible Belt. The state's third-largest media market, Lawton- Wichita Falls, Texas , is ranked th nationally by the agency. The state has two primary newspapers. The Oklahoman , based in Oklahoma City, is the largest newspaper in the state and 54th-largest in the nation by circulation, with a weekday readership of , and a Sunday readership of , The Tulsa World , the second-most widely circulated newspaper in Oklahoma and 79th in the nation, holds a Sunday circulation of , and a weekday readership of 93, Oklahoma has a few ethnic-oriented TV stations broadcasting in Spanish and Asian languages, and there is some Native American programming.

Transportation in Oklahoma is generated by an anchor system of Interstate Highways , inter-city rail lines, airports, inland ports , and mass transit networks. Situated along an integral point in the United States Interstate network, Oklahoma contains three interstate highways and four auxiliary Interstate Highways.

In Oklahoma City, Interstate 35 intersects with Interstate 44 and Interstate 40 , forming one of the most important intersections along the United States highway system. Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3. Riverside Airport in Tulsa is the state's busiest airport, with , takeoffs and landings in Oklahoma is connected to the nation's rail network via Amtrak 's Heartland Flyer , its only regional passenger rail line. It currently stretches from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas , though lawmakers began seeking funding in early to connect the Heartland Flyer to Tulsa.

Two inland ports on rivers serve Oklahoma: The state's only port handling international cargo, the Tulsa Port of Catoosa is the most inland ocean-going port in the nation and ships over two million tons of cargo each year. Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the Federal government of the United States , with executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

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Oklahoma is one of 32 states with capital punishment as a legal sentence, and the state has had between through mid the highest per capita execution rate in the US. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. The Senate has 48 members serving four-year terms, while the House has members with two-year terms. The state has a term limit for its legislature that restricts any one person to twelve cumulative years service between both legislative branches.

The Oklahoma judiciary also contains two independent courts: Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: Judges of those two courts, as well as the Court of Civil Appeals are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the state Judicial Nominating Commission, and are subject to a non-partisan retention vote on a six-year rotating schedule.

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The executive branch consists of the Governor , their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.


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    5. The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk , treasurer, and sheriff. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction.

    Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. While Indian reservations typical in most of the United States are not present in Oklahoma, tribal governments hold land granted during the Indian Territory era, but with limited jurisdiction and no control over state governing bodies such as municipalities and counties.

    Tribal governments are recognized by the United States as quasi-sovereign entities with executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions, but are subject to the authority of the United States Congress to revoke or withhold certain powers. The tribal governments are required to submit a constitution and any subsequent amendments to the United States Congress for approval. For a complete list visit the Oklahoma Association of Regional Councils. Oklahoma has been politically conservative for much of its history, especially recently.

    During the first half-century of statehood, it was considered a Democratic stronghold, being carried by the Republican Party in only two presidential elections and During this time, it was also carried by every winning Democratic candidate up to Harry Truman.

    However, Oklahoma Democrats were generally considered to be more conservative than Democrats in other states. After the election , the state turned firmly Republican. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until , [] starting in , Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election This is not to say every election has been a landslide for Republicans: Jimmy Carter lost the state by less than 1.

    Al Gore in , though, was the last Democrat to even win any counties in the state. Oklahoma was one of three states, the others being Utah and West Virginia , where Barack Obama failed to carry any of its counties in , and it was the only state where Barack Obama failed to carry any county in In , Donald Trump , the Republican nominee, again won every county, being one of only two states, the other being West Virginia , where Democrat Hillary Clinton failed to carry a single county.

    Generally, Republicans are strongest in the suburbs of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, as well as the Panhandle. Democrats are strongest in the eastern part of the state and Little Dixie , as well as the most heavily African American and inner parts of Oklahoma City and Tulsa. With a population of 8. Following the census , the Oklahoma delegation to the U. House of Representatives was reduced from six to five representatives, each serving one congressional district. In the current congress, Oklahoma's entire delegation are all Republicans.

    Oklahoma had incorporated places in , including four cities over , in population and 43 over 10, Oklahoma City, the state's capital and largest city, had the largest metropolitan area in the state in , with 1,, people, and the metropolitan area of Tulsa had , residents. In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in were: Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.

    Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: Both have legislative , judicial , and public power within their boundaries, but cities can choose between a mayor—council , council—manager , or strong mayor form of government, while towns operate through an elected officer system. State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; [] the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations.

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For other uses, see Oklahoma disambiguation. Released in , as part of the state quarters series. Oklahoma's state bird flying above its state wildflower. List of Oklahoma tri-points. List of lakes in Oklahoma. List of fauna of Oklahoma. Largest cities or towns in Oklahoma Source est. Religion in Oklahoma [] Religion Percent Protestant. Oklahoma locations by per capita income. Wind power in Oklahoma. List of school districts in Oklahoma and List of colleges and universities in Oklahoma. List of Native American artists from Oklahoma.

    List of newspapers in Oklahoma , List of radio stations in Oklahoma , and List of television stations in Oklahoma. Political party strength in Oklahoma. List of military units and installations in Oklahoma. List of battles fought in Oklahoma. List of cities in Oklahoma , List of towns in Oklahoma , and List of towns and cities in Oklahoma by population.

    List of Oklahoma state symbols. Archived from the original PDF on July 15, Retrieved June 1, Archived from the original PDF on February 1, Retrieved July 6, Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. Retrieved May 22, Retrieved May 6, Retrieved December 9, United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, Retrieved October 24, Retrieved March 27, Oklahoma Department of Libraries. Archived from the original on January 15, Retrieved May 11, Archived from the original on February 20, Retrieved January 20, Retrieved November 18, Retrieved June 3, Oklahoma declares watermelon a vegetable".

    Retrieved February 9, Retrieved August 10, American Indian Studies Research Institute.

    OK Dept. of Libraries – working to preserve history, expand knowledge, and enrich lives

    Retrieved May 26, Archived from the original on March 26, Retrieved May 27, United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, Archived from the original on October 13, Retrieved July 31, Oklahoma Department of Commerce. Archived from the original PDF on August 8, Retrieved August 1, April 1, to July 1, ".

    Archived from the original csv on July 10, Murray , appointed by Chickasaw Governor Douglas H. Haskell , selected to represent the Creeks as General Porter had been elected President. The convention drafted the constitution, established an organizational plan for a government, outlined proposed county designations in the new state, and elected delegates to go to the United States Congress to petition for statehood.

    If this had happened, the Sequoyah would have been the first state to have a Native American majority population. The convention's proposals were overwhelmingly endorsed by the residents of Indian Territory in a referendum election in Murray, known for his eccentricities and political astuteness, foresaw this possibility prior to the constitutional convention. When Johnston asked Murray to represent the Chickasaw Nation during Sequoyah's attempt at statehood, Murray predicted the plan would not succeed in Washington, D. He suggested that if the attempt failed, the Indian Territory should work with the Oklahoma Territory to become one state.

    Seeing an opportunity for statehood, Murray and Haskell proposed another convention for the combined territories to be named Oklahoma. In , the Oklahoma Enabling Act was passed by the U. Congress and approved by President Roosevelt. The act established several specific requirements for the proposed constitution. On November 16, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the nation's 46th state. The early years of statehood were marked with political activity.

    In , the Democrats moved the capital to Oklahoma City, three years before the Oklahoma Organic Act allowed, in order to move away from the Republican hotbed of Guthrie. Socialism became a growing force among struggling farmers, and Oklahoma grew to have the largest Socialist population in the United States at the time, with the Socialist vote doubling in every election until the American entry into World War I in By the s, the Republican Party, taking advantage of rifts within the Democratic Party, gained control in the state.

    The economy continued to improve, in the areas of cattle ranching , cotton, wheat, and especially, oil. Throughout the s, new oil fields were continually discovered and Oklahoma produced over 1. Although the first oil well in the United States was completed July in the old Cherokee Nation near Salina, it was in the early 20th century the oil business really began to get underway.

    Huge pools of underground oil were discovered in places like Glenpool near Tulsa. Many whites flooded into the state to make money. Many of the "old money" elite families of Oklahoma can date their rise to this time. When the Great Depression Oklahoma and Texas oil was flooding the market and prices fell to pennies a gallon. In Governor William H. Murray , acting with characteristic decisiveness, used the National Guard to shut down all of Oklahoma's oil wells in an effort to stabilize prices.

    National policy became using the Texas Railroad Commission to set allotments in Texas, which raised prices as well for Oklahoma crude. The prosperity of the s can be seen in the surviving architecture from the period, such as the Tulsa mansion which was converted into the Philbrook Museum of Art or the art deco architecture of downtown Tulsa.

    For Oklahoma, the early quarter of the 20th century was politically turbulent. Many different groups had flooded into the state; "black towns", or towns made of groups of African Americans choosing to live separately from whites, sprouted all over the state, while most of the state abided by the Jim Crow laws within each individual city, racially separating people with a bias against any non-white " race ". Greenwood , a neighborhood in Northern Tulsa, was known as Black Wall Street because of the vibrant business, cultural, and religious community there.

    The area was destroyed in the Tulsa race riot , one of the United States' deadliest race riots. While many all-black towns sprang up in the early days of Oklahoma, many have disappeared. The table below lists 13 such towns that have survived to the present. The Oklahoma Socialist Party achieved a large degree of success in this era the small party had its highest per-capita membership in Oklahoma at this time with 12, dues-paying members in , including the publication of dozens of party newspapers and the election of several hundred local elected officials.

    Much of their success came from their willingness to reach out to Black and American Indian voters they were the only party to continue to resist Jim Crow laws , and their willingness to alter traditional Marxist ideology when it made sense to do so the biggest changes were the party's support of widespread small-scale land ownership, and their willingness to use religion positively to preach the "Socialist gospel". The state party also delivered presidential candidate Eugene Debs some of his highest vote counts in the nation. The party was later crushed into virtual non-existence during the "white terror" that followed the ultra-repressive environment following the Green Corn Rebellion and the World War I era paranoia against anyone who spoke against the war or capitalism.

    The Industrial Workers of the World tried to gain headway during this period but achieved little success. Disgruntled Oklahoma farmers and laborers handed left-wing Democrat Jack C.

    History of Oklahoma

    Walton an easy election victory in as governor. One scandal followed another—Walton's questionable administrative practices included payroll padding, jailhouse pardons, removal of college administrators, and an enormous increase in the governor's salary. The conservative elements successfully petitioned for a special legislative recall session.

    To regain the initiative, Walton retaliated by attacking Oklahoma's Ku Klux Klan with a ban on parades, declaration of martial law, and employment of outsiders to 'keep the peace. That failed, and legislators charged Walton with corruption, impeached him, and removed him from office in The Great Depression lasted from to the late s. Times were especially hard in —33, as the prices of oil and farm products plunged, while debts remained high. Many banks and businesses went bankrupt. The Depression was made much worse for parts of the state by the Dust Bowl conditions.

    Farmers were hit the hardest and many relocated to the cities and established poor communities known as Hoovervilles. It also initiated a mass migration to California of " Okies " to use the disparaging term common in California in search of a better life, an image that would be popularized in American culture by John Steinbeck 's novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The book, with photographs by Dorothea Lange , and songs of Woody Guthrie tales of woe from the era. The negative images of the " Okie " as a sort of rootless migrant laborer living in a near-animal state of scrounging for food greatly offended many Oklahomans.

    These works often mix the experiences of former sharecroppers of the western American South with those of the exodusters fleeing the fierce dust storms of the High Plains. Although they primarily feature the extremely destitute, the vast majority of the people, both staying in and fleeing from Oklahoma, suffered great poverty in the Depression years. Grapes of Wrath was a powerful but simplistic view of the complex conditions in rural Oklahoma, and fails to mention the great majority of people remained in Oklahoma.

    Short-term drought and long-term poor agricultural practices led to the Dust Bowl , when massive dust storms blew away the soil from large tracts of arable land and deposited it on nearby farms or even far-distant locations.

    The resulting crop failures forced many small farmers to flee the state altogether. Although the most persistent dust storms primarily affected the Panhandle, much of the state experienced occasional dusters, intermittent severe drought, and occasional searing heat. The economy was clearly recovering by , as farm and cattle prices rose. So did the price of oil. Massive Federal spending on infrastructure during the Depression was also beginning to show payoffs. Even before World War II broke out, the Oklahoma industrial economy saw increased demand for its products. Numerous air bases dotted the map of Oklahoma.

    Kerr , governor —46 was an oilman who supported the New Deal and used his network of connections in Washington to secure federal money. Oklahoma built and expanded numerous army and navy installations and air bases, which in turn brought thousands of well-paid jobs. Kerr went on to become a powerful Senator —63 who watched out for the state's interests and especially for the oil and gas industry. Oklahoma consistently rated among the top 10 states in war-bond sales, as it used showmanship, the spirit of competition, house-to-house solicitations, and direct appeals to big business to mobilize patriotism, state pride, and the need to save some of the high wages that could not be spent because of rationing and shortages.

    The bond drives enlisted schoolchildren, housewives and retired men, giving everyone a sense of direct participation in the war effort. The term " Okie " in recent years has taken on a new meaning in the past few decades, with many Oklahomans both former and present wearing the label as a badge of honor as a symbol of the Okie survivor attitude. Others mostly alive during the Dust Bowl era still see the term negatively because they see the "Okie" migrants as quitters and transplants to the West Coast. Major trends in Oklahoma history after the Depression era included the rise again of tribal sovereignty including the issuance of tribal automobile license plates, and the opening of tribal smoke shops, casinos, grocery stores, and other commercial enterprises , the rapid growth of suburban Oklahoma City and Tulsa, the drop in population in Western Oklahoma, the oil boom of the s and the oil bust of the s.

    In recent years, major efforts have been made by state and local leaders to revive Oklahoma's small towns and population centers, which had seen major decline following the oil bust. But Oklahoma City and Tulsa remain economically active in their effort to diversify as the state focuses more into medical research, health, finance, and manufacturing.

    Excluding governmental and education sectors, the largest single employers in the state tend to be in the aeronautical sector. For Aeronautical education and training, Tulsa hosts the Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology that offers training in aviation and aircraft maintenance. Oklahoma University and Oklahoma State University both offer aviation programs. The oil and natural gas industry has historically been a dominant factor in the state's economy, second only to agriculture.

    Duncan, Oklahoma is the birthplace of Halliburton Corporation. Significant research and education is done in the field by the Oklahoma University's Mewbourne College of Earth and Energy. The state has a surprisingly large concentration of companies that manufacture products that heat and cool buildings HVAC. Murrah Federal Building , killing people, including 19 children. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were the convicted perpetrators of the attack, although many believe others were involved.

    Timothy McVeigh was later sentenced to death by lethal injection, while his partner, Terry Nichols , who was convicted of counts of first degree murder received life in prison without the possibility of parole. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mississippian culture and Caddoan Mississippian culture.

    Indian removal and Indian Removal Act. Republic of Texas and Kansas Territory. Land run and Land Run of Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory. State of Sequoyah and Sequoyah Constitutional Convention.