Manual 3.14 x 1000 Quotes for Smart People

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As Dawkins acknowledges, however, the weasel program is an imperfect analogy for evolution, as "offspring" phrases were selected "according to the criterion of resemblance to a distant ideal target. The weasel program is instead meant to illustrate the difference between non-random cumulative selection, and random single-step selection.

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A different avenue for exploring the analogy between evolution and an unconstrained monkey lies in the problem that the monkey types only one letter at a time, independently of the other letters. Hugh Petrie argues that a more sophisticated setup is required, in his case not for biological evolution but the evolution of ideas:. In order to get the proper analogy, we would have to equip the monkey with a more complex typewriter. It would have to include whole Elizabethan sentences and thoughts.

It would have to include Elizabethan beliefs about human action patterns and the causes, Elizabethan morality and science, and linguistic patterns for expressing these. It would probably even have to include an account of the sorts of experiences which shaped Shakespeare's belief structure as a particular example of an Elizabethan.

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Then, perhaps, we might allow the monkey to play with such a typewriter and produce variants, but the impossibility of obtaining a Shakespearean play is no longer obvious. What is varied really does encapsulate a great deal of already-achieved knowledge. James W. Valentine , while admitting that the classic monkey's task is impossible, finds that there is a worthwhile analogy between written English and the metazoan genome in this other sense: both have "combinatorial, hierarchical structures" that greatly constrain the immense number of combinations at the alphabet level.

Collingwood argued in that art cannot be produced by accident, and wrote as a sarcastic aside to his critics,. Any reader who has nothing to do can amuse himself by calculating how long it would take for the probability to be worth betting on.


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But the interest of the suggestion lies in the revelation of the mental state of a person who can identify the 'works' of Shakespeare with the series of letters printed on the pages of a book Nelson Goodman took the contrary position, illustrating his point along with Catherine Elgin by the example of Borges' " Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote ",. What Menard wrote is simply another inscription of the text.

Any of us can do the same, as can printing presses and photocopiers. Indeed, we are told, if infinitely many monkeys That replica, we maintain, would be as much an instance of the work, Don Quixote , as Cervantes' manuscript, Menard's manuscript, and each copy of the book that ever has been or will be printed. In another writing, Goodman elaborates, "That the monkey may be supposed to have produced his copy randomly makes no difference. It is the same text, and it is open to all the same interpretations For Jorge J.

Gracia , the question of the identity of texts leads to a different question, that of author. If a monkey is capable of typing Hamlet , despite having no intention of meaning and therefore disqualifying itself as an author, then it appears that texts do not require authors. Possible solutions include saying that whoever finds the text and identifies it as Hamlet is the author; or that Shakespeare is the author, the monkey his agent, and the finder merely a user of the text.

These solutions have their own difficulties, in that the text appears to have a meaning separate from the other agents: what if the monkey operates before Shakespeare is born, or if Shakespeare is never born, or if no one ever finds the monkey's typescript?

The theorem concerns a thought experiment which cannot be fully carried out in practice, since it is predicted to require prohibitive amounts of time and resources. Nonetheless, it has inspired efforts in finite random text generation. A website entitled The Monkey Shakespeare Simulator , launched on July 1, , contained a Java applet that simulated a large population of monkeys typing randomly, with the stated intention of seeing how long it takes the virtual monkeys to produce a complete Shakespearean play from beginning to end.

For example, it produced this partial line from Henry IV, Part 2 , reporting that it took "2,, million billion billion billion monkey-years" to reach 24 matching characters:.

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Due to processing power limitations, the program used a probabilistic model by using a random number generator or RNG instead of actually generating random text and comparing it to Shakespeare. When the simulator "detected a match" that is, the RNG generated a certain value or a value within a certain range , the simulator simulated the match by generating matched text. More sophisticated methods are used in practice for natural language generation. If instead of simply generating random characters one restricts the generator to a meaningful vocabulary and conservatively following grammar rules, like using a context-free grammar , then a random document generated this way can even fool some humans at least on a cursory reading as shown in the experiments with SCIgen , snarXiv , and the Postmodernism Generator.

In February , the OpenAI group published the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 GPT-2 artificial intelligence to GitHub , which is able to produce a fully plausible news article given a two sentence input from a human hand. The AI was so effective that instead of publishing the full code, the group chose to publish a scaled-back version and released a statement regarding "concerns about large language models being used to generate deceptive, biased, or abusive language at scale. Questions about the statistics describing how often an ideal monkey is expected to type certain strings translate into practical tests for random-number generators ; these range from the simple to the "quite sophisticated".

Computer-science professors George Marsaglia and Arif Zaman report that they used to call one such category of tests "overlapping m- tuple tests" in lectures, since they concern overlapping m-tuples of successive elements in a random sequence. But they found that calling them "monkey tests" helped to motivate the idea with students. They published a report on the class of tests and their results for various RNGs in The infinite monkey theorem and its associated imagery is considered a popular and proverbial illustration of the mathematics of probability, widely known to the general public because of its transmission through popular culture rather than through formal education.

Burns shows Homer "a room with a thousand monkeys on a thousand typewriters. Soon they will have written the greatest novel known to man! In his radio play, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , Douglas Adams invoked the theorem to illustrate the power of the 'Infinite Improbability Drive' that powered a spaceship. From Episode 2: " Ford , there's an infinite number of monkeys outside who want to talk to us about this script for Hamlet they've worked out. A quotation attributed [30] to a speech by Robert Wilensky stated, "We've heard that a million monkeys at a million keyboards could produce the complete works of Shakespeare; now, thanks to the Internet, we know that is not true.


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The enduring, widespread popularity of the theorem was noted in the introduction to a paper, "Monkeys, Typewriters and Networks: The Internet in the Light of the Theory of Accidental Excellence". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Counterintuitive result in probability. Main article: Almost surely. Main article: Diehard tests. Main article: Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture.

In addition the word may appear across two blocks, so the estimate given is conservative. Probability: A Graduate Course. The figure 3. Assume the monkeys write for 10 38 years 10 20 years is when all stellar remnants will have either been ejected from their galaxies or fallen into black holes , 10 38 years is when all but 0.

Assuming the monkeys type non-stop at a ridiculous words per minute the world record is wpm for a single minute , that's about characters per minute Shakespeare's average word length is a bit under 5 letters. There are about half a million minutes in a year, this means each monkey types half a billion characters per year. Archived from the original on Retrieved CS1 maint: archived copy as title link , the problem can be approximated further. Jonathan W.

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Series 5. The Pleasures of Probability. Isaac generalizes this argument immediately to variable text and alphabet size; the common main conclusion is on p. Thermal Physics 2nd ed. Freeman Company. La hasard. New York: Macmillan. Downloadable text. London: G. Bell, , pp. BBC News. Archived from the original PDF on Wired News. Associated Press.

Bibcode : Natur. Respectfully quoted: a dictionary of quotations. Studies in the Philosophy of Science.

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Holman Quicksource Guide to Christian Apologetics. Think Biblically! Crossway Books.