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Tears of Light are recurring items in The Legend of Zelda series. They are light-​infused magical teardrops that are scattered around various places. Upon their.
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More info. Natural Sapphire Carati 2. Reference: Tears of Joy. Camel tears exhibit a better quality than human tears and Refresh Plus lubricant do. The presence of oily droplet-like structures at the periphery of tear ferning suggests that camel tear film may have a higher quality and quantity of minerals and lubricants, which may help the animal to avoid eye dryness. Future work is required to investigate the identification of the elements present in the peripheral and central part of the tear ferning.

The dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius is a native of the dry, sandy climate of Saudi Arabia. In these harsh climatic conditions, camel eyes are wet and full of tears. The tear film is a thin layer that covers the anterior part of the eye. Its presence is important for maintaining the ocular surface and providing a defense against pathogens and foreign bodies [ 1 ]. The ocular tear film can be classified into three layers, as follows: the outer lipid layer, intermediate aqueous layer, and underlying mucus layer [ 2 , 3 ]. The loss of the quality or quantity of tear film can result in dry eye disease [ 3 ].

The ferning phenomenon is a dendritic growth pattern of dried tear fluid. Rolando suggested a grading scale for tear ferning. Recently, Masmali et al. The application of the Masmali tear ferning grading scale has shown that the tear ferning test has good validity and reliability, and there is no change in ferning patterns during the day [ 6 ]. The tear ferning test has the right features for use in the eye clinic for dry eye diagnosis [ 7 - 9 ]. Pearce and Tomlinson [ 10 ] studied tear film ferning with light and electron microscopy, and they discussed the role of chemical elements, such as sodium Na , potassium K , chlorine Cl , and sulfur S , in the formation of ferning.

Few studies have performed tear ferning tests on the tear film of animals and compared their patterns with that of humans. Silav et al.

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The authors counted the points on the crystallized ferning pattern and correlated the pattern with other parameters to assess the ocular surface. According to these authors, the tear ferning test is easy to perform and a good tool for assessing tear film quality. The ratio between electrolytes and large molecules CMC sodium could be the main reason for its production of healthy ferning patterns [ 11 ]. The present study also aims to elucidate the viability of the tear film in the dry, harsh environment of the desert.

The chemical element analysis of the tear film ferning was performed using scanning transmission electron microscopy STEM. The tear film pattern was investigated using a light and scanning electron microscope. Tears were collected from five camels males and five desert workers males, 20—25 years old from a small village located km from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Tears were also collected from five male subjects 20—25 years old living in Riyadh. The human subjects underwent ophthalmic evaluation to confirm that the ocular surfaces of their eyes were healthy.

Tear of Light

The human and camel tears were collected in the same way using a microcapillary tube Drummond Scientific Co. Refresh Plus Allergan was bought from a local pharmacy shop. When the tears were dried 3 h after collection , they were observed under a light microscope Olympus BX1 and classified according to the Masmali scale [ 10 ].

The Masmali grading scale for tear ferning was used to grade the ferning patterns. The tear film and Refresh Plus ferning patterns were observed using an Inspect S50 environmental scanning electron microscope. This glass piece containing the tear film droplet was stuck on the scanning electron microscope stub. The tear film was gold coated and observed under an Inspect S50, FEI Quanta environmental scanning electron microscope.

Small droplets were placed on formvar-coated, mesh nickel grids and dried for 30 min. Formvar is a thin, electron-transparent layer coated on the grids. It is used to hold the sample in place when conducting electron microscopy. It is routinely used for liquid samples.

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This was conducted at different regions of ferning. The microanalysis of the elements was done using the STEM Viewer software, and digital images were taken with the Valita camera. Our light microscopy observations showed that the ferning patterns at the periphery and center of the tear film were extremely similar.

The observation and imaging of the ferning for the light microscopy was carried out from the periphery to the center of the tear film. The peripheral part of the camel tear film pattern was surrounded by five layers labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; Figure 1A,B.

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The first layer 1 was pale in color and consisted of a homogenous material, whereas the second layer 2 was dark brown and contained small oily droplets Figure 1A,B. The third layer 3 was blueish, while the fourth layer 4 was grayish and contained tiny droplets Figure 1A,B.


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Finally, the fifth layer 5 was light brown and contained droplet-like structures. The ferning pattern was present in the fifth layer, with tree-like branches with leaves present just inside this layer, Figure 1C,D. Inside these tree-like branches, fern plant—like branching was present. Numerous secondary and tertiary branches emerged from the primary branches Figure 1E,F. The peripheral and central ferning patterns of the camel tear film were extremely similar, containing dense, thin branches Figure 1C-F. According to the Masmali grading scale, the tear ferning at the periphery and center could be categorized as grades 0—1 Figure 1C-F.

Light micrographs of the peripheral and central ferning pattern of camel tear film. A and B : Part of the periphery of the tear film showing the five outermost layers: 1 cream-colored homogenous layer, 2 dark brown oily droplet layer, 3 and 4 small droplet layers, 5 thick ferning pattern layer. C : Part of the periphery of the tear film showing a dense ferning pattern below the peripheral layers.

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D, E, F : Part of the center of the tear film showing prominent primary, secondary and tertiary branching. The ferning patterns of the humans residing in the urban environment and the desert were similar. In both cases, the peripheral part of the tear film pattern was surrounded by three layers 1, 2, and 3; Figure 2A-C. The first layer consisted of a whitish homogenous material, while the second layer was made up of dense granular material Figure 2C.

Finally, the third layer contained fine, small ferning Figure 2C. Just inside the third layer, the ferning was like the branching of a tree, and this was different from the central ferning Figure 2C. The secondary and tertiary branches of ferning shoots from the primary branches were dense and thin Figure 2C-F. According to the Masmali grading scale, the ferning pattern in the center and periphery could be categorized as grades 1—2 Figure 2A-D.

Light micrographs of the peripheral and central ferning patterns of desert human tear film. A, B : Peripheral part of human tear film showing peripheral ferning surrounded by three layers: 1 white homogenous layer, 2 dark brown homogenous layer, 3 granular layer with network like structure.


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  8. D, E, F : Ferning pattern of the center of the human tear film showing prominent primary, secondary, and tertiary branching. The first, outermost layer 1 was a whitish homogenous layer, while the second 2 and third 3 layers were granular Figure 3A-C. The fourth layer 4 was dark brown and formed a network structure Figure 3C. The ferning patterns in the periphery and center were similar. The branching of the secondary and tertiary branches was not clear and defined. The peripheral and central ferning patterns were thick and belonged to grade 2 Figure 3D,E,F.

    Light micrographs of the peripheral and central ferning patterns of Refresh Plus. A, B, C : Peripheral part of Refresh Plus surrounded by four layers: 1 outermost layer, white in color and homogenous; 2 granular white layer; 3 thick granular layer; 4 granular dark brown layer. Just below the fourth peripheral layer, the ferning contains only primary branches. Away from the periphery, the ferning pattern has secondary and tertiary branching.

    D, E, F : Ferning pattern in the central part of the Refresh Plus lubricant containing secondary and tertiary branching. Scanning microscopy showed further fine secondary and tertiary offspring branches in the tear ferning of camel tears, human tears, and Refresh Plus Figure 4A-F.


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    There were tiny crystals between the branches of the tear ferning Figure 4A,B. Scanning electron micrographs of the ferning pattern of camel tear film, human tear film, and Refresh Plus lubricant. A, B : Part of the camel tear film showing primary pf , secondary sf , tertiary trf , and fine ferning; C, D : Human tear film containing primary pf secondary ferning sf and fine ferning. E, F : Refresh Plus ferning showing primary and secondary branching.