Die Löwin von Kilima: Roman (German Edition)

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One well-publicised case is the Tsavo maneaters ; in , 28 officially recorded railway workers building the Kenya-Uganda Railway were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge over the Tsavo River in Kenya. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans.

The authors note the relationship is well-attested among other pantherines and primates in the fossil record.


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The lion's proclivity for man-eating has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from to At least villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period — a number far exceeding the Tsavo attacks. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of substantial villages have been documented.

According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after apartheid sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night.

For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm. Packer estimates between and Tanzanians are killed each year by wild animals and that lions are thought to kill at least 70 of these. According to Packer between and , lions attacked people in Tanzania and killed Packer and Ikanda are among the few conservationists who believe western conservation efforts must take account of these matters because of ethical concerns about human life and the long-term success of conservation efforts and lion preservation.

A man-eating lion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, said it was likely that the lion preyed on humans because it had a large abscess beneath a cracked molar and wrote, "This lion probably experienced a lot of pain, particularly when it was chewing". The "All-Africa" record of man-eating generally is considered to be a collection of incidents between the early s and the late s in modern-day Tanzania inflicted by a pride known as the "Njombe lions".

Game warden and hunter George Rushby eventually dispatched the pride, which over three generations is thought to have killed and eaten 1, to 2, people in Njombe district. Sometimes, Asiatic lions may become man-eaters. The area of the Gir sanctuary is now insufficient to sustain their large number [] and lions have moved outside it, making them a potential threat to people in and around the park. The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.

The lion has been depicted as "king of the jungle" and "king of beasts", and thus became a popular symbol for royalty and stateliness. Depictions of lions are known from the Upper Paleolithic period. Carvings and paintings of lions discovered in the Lascaux and Chauvet Caves in France have been dated to 15, to 17, years old. The ancient Egyptians portrayed several of their war deities as lionesses, [] which they revered as fierce hunters. The lion was also believed to act as a guide to the underworld, through which the sun was believed to pass each night. The presence of lion-footed tombs found in Egypt and images of mummies carried on the backs of lions suggests this close association of the lions with the underworld.

In Sub-Saharan Africa , cultural views of the lion have varied by region. In some cultures, the lion symbolises power and royalty, and some rulers had the word "lion" in their nickname. In parts of West Africa, to be compared with a lion was considered to be a great compliment.

Lions were considered the top class in these cultures' social hierarchies. In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and is regarded as the link between seers and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion is the symbol of laziness. The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient Mesopotamia from Sumer up to Assyrian and Babylonian times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The theme of the royal lion hunt, a common motif in the early iconography in West Asia, symbolized death and resurrection; the continuation of life was ensured by the killing of a god-like animal.

In some stone reliefs depicting the Royal hunt of lions, the lion's divinity and courage are equated with the divinity and courage of the king.

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The lion is the biblical emblem of the tribe of Judah and the later Kingdom of Judah. In the Book of Judges , Samson kills a lion as he travels to visit a Philistine woman. The power and ferocity of the lion is invoked when describing the anger of God Amos 3: The book of Isaiah uses the imagery of a lion laying with a calf and child, and eating straw to portray the harmony of creation Isa In the Book of Revelation , a lion, an ox, a man and an eagle are seen on a heavenly throne in John's vision; Rev 4: In the Puranic texts of Hinduism , Narasimha "man-lion" a half-lion, half-man incarnation or avatar of Vishnu , is worshipped by his devotees and saved the child devotee Prahlada from his father, the evil demon king Hiranyakashipu ; [] Vishnu takes the form of half-man, half-lion] creature in Narasimha, where he has a human torso and lower body, and a lion-like face and claws.

It was originally used only by Rajputs , a Hindu Kshatriya or military caste. After the birth of the Khalsa brotherhood in , the Sikhs also adopted the name "Singh" due to the wishes of Guru Gobind Singh. Along with millions of Hindu Rajputs today, it is also used by over 20 million Sikhs worldwide. The Asiatic lion is found as an emblem on numerous flags and coats of arms across Asia, including on the National Emblem of India. The Asiatic lion is a common motif in Chinese art ; it was first used in art during the late Spring and Autumn period fifth or sixth century BC and became more popular during the Han Dynasty BC — AD when imperial guardian lions started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection.

Because lions have never been native to China, early depictions were somewhat unrealistic; after the introduction of Buddhist art to China in the Tang Dynasty after the sixth century AD, lions were usually depicted wingless with shorter, thicker bodies and curly manes. The lion is featured in several of Aesop's fables , which were written in the sixth century BC.

Similarly the wearing of lion skin such as the lion skin worn by Herackles also symbolizes victory over death. Lions are frequently depicted on coats of arms , either as a device on shields or as supporters , but the lioness is used much less frequently. Such descriptions specify whether lions or other creatures are "rampant" rearing or "passant" crouching. The lion is used as a symbol of sporting teams, from national association football teams such as England , Scotland and Singapore to famous clubs such as the Detroit Lions [] of the NFL, Chelsea [] and Aston Villa , a team of the English Premier League , [] and by the Premiership itself, Eintracht Braunschweig of the Bundesliga , and many smaller clubs around the world.

Lions continue to appear in modern literature as characters including the messianic Aslan in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and following books from The Chronicles of Narnia series written by C. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Lion disambiguation. A species of large cat in the subfamily Pantherinae. Linnaeus , [3]. Panthera hybrid , Liger , and Tigon. A captive Asiatic male with a thick mane that is mostly dark. A pride of lion headed by one male at Masai Mara , Kenya. Lioness in a burst of speed while hunting in the Serengeti. Four lionesses catching a cape buffalo in the Serengeti.

Lion hunting , Lion-baiting , and Lion taming. Cultural depictions of lions. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Tomus I decima, reformata ed. Cassell's Latin Dictionary 5th ed. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Archived from the original PDF on 5 March Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos.

Verlag der Kakao-Compagnie Theodor Reichardt.


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  5. A Fossil Record from ". Pleistocene Mammals of Europe. Journal of the Geological Society of India. Archived from the original PDF on 25 September Retrieved 20 September The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement Archived from the original PDF on Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Archived from the original PDF on 8 August Retrieved 4 September Implications for its ex situ conservation".

    Cat News Special Issue Pantherinae , and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters". Deutschland in der Urzeit in German. Klima und Tierwelt im Wandel in German. Archived from the original PDF on 21 January Retrieved 23 November University of Arizona Press. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.

    Synonyms and antonyms of Moto in the German dictionary of synonyms

    Mystery Cats of the World. The Rosen Publishing Group. Retrieved 4 July The Story of Leopons. Retrieved 25 January Archived from the original PDF on 28 July Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion. Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London. Zoological Society of London. Walker's Mammals of the World. Wild Cats of the World. Retrieved 1 September By any other mane". A Field Guide to Indian Mammals. Retrieved 7 July One Is Likely a Female". Retrieved 18 April Open Science Repository Biology: The White Lions of Timbavati.

    Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Maneless lions live one guy per pride".


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