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The cigarette smoking age is 18 years. Smoking is now banned in all public places stations, museums, etc. Under the new regulations, smoking rooms are allowed, but are subjected to very strict conditions: Popular French cigarette brands include Gauloises and Marlboro. The possession, sale and use of cannabis predominantly Moroccan hashish is illegal in France.
Le Foot is the most popular sport in France. Other popular sports played in France are rugby union , cycling , tennis , handball , basketball and sailing. Sport is encouraged in school, and local sports clubs receive financial support from the local governments.
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While football is definitely the most popular, rugby union and rugby league takes dominance in the southwest, especially around the city of Toulouse see: Rugby union in France and Rugby league in France. The modern Olympics was invented in France, in by Pierre de Coubertin. Other significant events include the Solitaire du Figaro, Mini Transat 6.
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France has been a regular competitor in the America's Cup since the s. Like other cultural areas in France, sport is overseen by a government ministry, the Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports France which is in charge of national and public sport associations, youth affairs, public sports centers and national stadia like the Stade de France. Some of the world's biggest fashion houses ex: Chanel have their headquarters in France. The association of France with fashion la mode dates largely to the reign of Louis XIV [27] when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe.
France renewed its dominance of the high fashion couture or haute couture industry in the years — through the establishing of the great couturier houses, the fashion press Vogue was founded in ; Elle was founded in and fashion shows. The first modern Parisian couturier house is generally considered the work of the Englishman Charles Frederick Worth who dominated the industry from to In the post war year, fashion returned to prominence through Christian Dior 's famous "new look" in , and through the houses of Pierre Balmain and Hubert de Givenchy opened in The s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and multinationals such as LVMH.
Since the s, France's fashion industry has come under increasing competition from London, New York, Milan and Tokyo, and the French have increasingly adopted foreign particularly American fashions such as jeans, tennis shoes.
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Nevertheless, many foreign designers still seek to make their careers in France. The first paintings of France are those that are from prehistoric times, painted in the caves of Lascaux well over 10, years ago.
The arts were already flourishing 1, years ago, at the time of Charlemagne , as can be seen in many hand made and hand illustrated books of that time. Gothic art and architecture originated in France in the 12th century around Paris and then spread to all of Europe. In the 13th century, French craftsmen developed the stained glass painting technique and sophisticated illuminated manuscripts for private devotion in the new gothic style.
The final phase of gothic architecture, known as Flamboyant, also began in France in the 15th century before spreading to the rest of Europe. The 17th century was one of intense artistic achievements: French painting emerged with a distinct identity, moving from Baroque to Classicism. French architecture also proved influential with the Palace of Versailles, built for the powerful king Louis XIV, becoming the model of many European royal palaces. During the 18th century the Rococo style emerged as a frivolous continuation of the Baroque style. At the end of the century, Jacques-Louis David and Dominique Ingres were the most influential painters of the Neoclassicism.
Afterwards, the painters were more realistic, describing nature Barbizon school. At the turn of the century, France had become more than ever the center of innovative art.
The Spaniard Pablo Picasso came to France, like many other foreign artists, to deploy his talents there for decades to come. Cubism is an avant-garde movement born in Paris at the beginning of the 20th century. The Louvre in Paris is one of the most famous and the largest art museums in the world, created by the new revolutionary regime in in the former royal palace. It holds a vast amount of art of French and other artists, e.
Identity, Diversity, and Africa's Markets - Vijay Mahajan - Google Книги
France boasts a wide variety of indigenous folk music , as well as styles played by immigrants from Africa, Latin America and Asia. Bangalter and de Homem-Christo were individually awarded the rank of Chevalier knight. France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its early significant contributions: Additionally, France is an important Francophone film production country. A certain amount of the movies created share international distribution in the western hemisphere thanks to Unifrance.
Although French cinema industry is rather small in terms of budget and revenues, it enjoys qualitative screenplay, cast and story telling. French Cinema is often portrayed as more liberal in terms of subjects Sex, Society, Politics, Historical. Movies are premiered on Wednesdays. Many cinema operators offer a "flat-rate pass" for approx. Within France many "small" cinemas are located in the downtown parts of a city, resisting the big cinema operators nationwide.
Paris has the highest density of cinemas movie theaters in the world: Proximity of restaurants, accessibility, ambiance and the showing of alternative foreign movies is often cited as being the advantage of these small theaters. France has the reputation of being a "literary culture", [36] and this image is reinforced by such things as the importance of French literature in the French educational system, the attention paid by the French media to French book fairs and book prizes like the Prix Goncourt , Prix Renaudot or Prix Femina and by the popular success of the former literary television show " Apostrophes " hosted by Bernard Pivot.
While reading remains a favorite pastime of French youth today, surveys show that it has decreased in importance compared to music, television, sports and other activities. Literary taste in France remains centered on the novel Like other areas of French culture, book culture is influenced, in part, by the state, in particular by the "Direction du livre et de la lecture" of the Ministry of Culture, which oversees the "Centre national du livre" National Book Center.
The French Ministry of Industry also plays a role in price control. Finally, the VAT for books and other cultural products in France is at the reduced rate of 5. In terms of journalism in France, the regional press see list of newspapers in France has become more important than national dailies such as Le Monde and Le Figaro over the past century: There are significant differences in lifestyles with respect to transportation between very urbanized regions such as Paris, and smaller towns and rural areas. In Paris, and to a lesser extent in other major cities, many households do not own an automobile and simply use efficient public transport.
However, outside of such areas, ownership of one or more cars is standard, especially for households with children. There are plans to reach most parts of France and many other destinations in Europe in coming years.
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Rail services to major destinations are punctual and frequent. Labor Day and the National Holiday are the only business holidays determined by government statute; the other holidays are granted by convention collective agreement between employers' and employees' unions or by agreement of the employer. The five holiday periods of the public school year [45] are:.
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The Celtic holiday Halloween , which is popular throughout the English speaking world, has grown in popularity following its introduction in the mids by the trade associations. The growth seems to have stalled during the following decade. Wherever one comes from, "culture" consists of beliefs and values learned through the socialization process as well as material artifacts. Culture consists of everything we learn in groups during the life course-from infancy to an old age. The conception of "French" culture however poses certain difficulties and presupposes a series of assumptions about what precisely the expression "French" means.
Whereas American culture posits the notion of the " melting-pot " and cultural diversity , the expression "French culture" tends to refer implicitly to a specific geographical entity as, say, " metropolitan France ", generally excluding its overseas departments or to a specific historico-sociological group defined by ethnicity, language, religion and geography. The realities of "Frenchness" however, are extremely complicated. The creation of some sort of typical or shared French culture or " cultural identity ", despite this vast heterogeneity, is the result of powerful internal forces — such as the French educational system , mandatory military service, state linguistic and cultural policies — and by profound historic events — such as the Franco-Prussian war and the two World Wars — which have forged a sense of national identity over the last years.
In recent years, to fight the loss of regional diversity, many in France have promoted forms of multiculturalism and encouraged cultural enclaves communautarisme , including reforms on the preservation of regional languages and the decentralization of certain government functions, but French multiculturalism has had a harder time of accepting, or of integrating into the collective identity, the large non-Christian and immigrant communities and groups that have come to France since the s.
The last 70 years has also seen French cultural identity "threatened" by global market forces and by American " cultural hegemony ".
Since its dealings with the GATT free trade negotiations, France has fought for what it calls the exception culturelle , meaning the right to subsidize or treat favorably domestic cultural production and to limit or control foreign cultural products as seen in public funding for French cinema or the lower VAT accorded to books. The French are often perceived as taking a great pride in national identity and the positive achievements of France the expression " chauvinism " is of French origin and cultural issues are more integrated in the body of the politics than elsewhere see "The Role of the State", below.
The French Revolution claimed universalism for the democratic principles of the Republic. Charles de Gaulle actively promoted a notion of French "grandeur" "greatness". Now, the interracial blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature of French culture, from popular music to movies and literature.
It may be compared to the traditional US conception of the melting-pot. The French culture might have been already blended in from other races and ethnicities, in cases of some biographical research on the possibility of African ancestry on a small number of famous French citizens. For a long time, the only objection to such outcomes predictably came from the far-left schools of thought. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Part of a series on the Culture of France History. Music and performing arts. Flag Coat of arms. French language , Languages of France , and Language policy in France.
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