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Table of contents
- InVivoMAb anti-mouse IL p28 (Clone: MMB1)
- Worm in the Blossom
- Breadcrumb
- MORE to BROWSE - Pages that might be of Interest
- Mysteries of the Worm
The mystery at the heart of Worm in the Blossom is dark and desperate in equal measure. It shows human nature at its worst and also at its very best. Constable Sam Plank is as ever calm and efficient; slow to anger and quick to action, valiantly fighting for the defenceless, and as always, relentless in his pursuit of fraudulent and dishonest activity, but it must not be forgotten about the strength of his supporting characters, the astute Martha who is perhaps my favourite, closely followed by the equally stoical Wilson, who must be by now, in the running for most promising assistant.
There is no doubt that Susan Grossey has made the world of Regency crime her own; the writing, is as ever, crisp and clear, no superfluous waffle, just good old fashioned storytelling, with a tantalising beginning, an adventurous middle, and a wonderfully dramatic ending, which, when all is combined, add up to, quite simply, compelling reading.
InVivoMAb anti-mouse IL p28 (Clone: MMB1)
Bring on book 4… View 2 comments. May 17, Rebekah Giese Witherspoon rated it liked it. My lesser rating of 3 stars for this book is not a reflection of the dark subject of the novel, which I found really compelling. The relationship between Sam and his smart and empathetic wife, Martha, is just lovely. I smiled at her. Lucienne Boyce rated it really liked it Apr 20, Tracy Skerratt rated it it was amazing Dec 04, Pam Walker marked it as to-read Feb 09, Stacie marked it as to-read Feb 09, There are no discussion topics on this book yet. About Susan Grossey.
Susan Grossey.
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My name is Susan Grossey. I graduated from Cambridge University in with a degree in English, and then taught secondary English for two years before realising that the National Curriculum was designed primarily to extinguish every spark of creativity in its teachers. I then became a technical author, and reached the pinnacle of this profession when I was asked to document the workings of a My name is Susan Grossey. I then became a technical author, and reached the pinnacle of this profession when I was asked to document the workings of a choc-ice wrapping machine in Cardiff, while wearing a fetching blue hairnet which I forgot to remove until it was pointed out by a cashier in a petrol station on the M4.
From this unbeatable high point I moved into technical training, and one day was asked to help with a staff manual on fraud prevention. Prochlorococcus is a photosynthetic bacteria that is particularly prone to infection, and so when there are high levels of Prochlorococcus in the water, the number of viruses is also high. Some microbes are single-celled, but contain the same inner machinery called organelles as more complex multicellular organisms like plants and animals.
These organisms are classified as protists and can have similar characteristics of plants, animals, or both. Some get energy from their chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, and are considered microalgae, while others have whipping tails called flagella that they use to propel themselves through the water in pursuit of bacteria and other, smaller protists that they engulf and ingest.
Others can both photosynthesize and consume prey. Although small, protists can have dramatic impacts on ecosystems. Many can quickly increase in number to form toxic algae blooms, while others are such voracious predators that they keep the number of bacteria in check. Coral rely on their symbiotic zooxanthellae, a type of protist called a dinoflagellate, to supply them with food and in some tropical areas of the world the water will glow blue-green or red from bioluminescent protists.
Despite their importance, protists are some of the least understood microbes in the ocean. Molds, yeasts, mushrooms, and toadstools makeup an incredibly diverse group of fungi on land, but in the ocean, they are comparatively hard to find. Most marine fungi are associated with the decomposition of plant material and can be found in salt marshes, deep sea sediments , and mangrove forests, although they are also found in nearshore mud, animal digestive tracts, deep sea hydrothermal vents, and on both algae and corals.
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While usually found in shallow water, the fungi Rhodotoula was discovered 11, meters below the sea surface in the Mariana Trench. Other fungi live as parasites within marine plants, algae, and animals. It is challenging to study the extremely small fungi in their preferred marine environments, where nutrients are abundant, but they play important roles in the ecosystem—from recycling nutrients to infecting larger species, such as coral or lobster.
For much of history, scientists understood the ocean food web to consist of producers, like plants and algae, and consumers, like fish and mammals.
Worm in the Blossom
Essentially, big things eating little things. But this left out an integral piece of the food web puzzle. Invisible to the naked eye, microbes were not considered important. But this is far from reality. Microbes contribute to the ocean food web through the microbial loop, a process where microbes recycle the waste of other organisms and loop both the resources and energy remaining in that waste back into the food web. When other creatures eat the microbes, they pass on that energy and those resources up the food chain. The microbial part of the food chain is a world of foreign looking creatures.
Bacteria are consumed by creatures called nanoflagellates, tiny orbs with a tail or two and sometimes a skirt. Those nanoflagellates are then engulfed by slightly larger creatures called ciliates, amorphous predators with hairs covering their body. It is only now that organisms large enough to see with the naked eye appear. Copepods, bug-like crustaceans, and other zooplankton feed on the ciliates and are the main food source of small fish.
It is this microbial loop that keeps the ocean clean and clear. Without microbes, the ocean would be a wasteland. Sulfur is not only used as a source of energy—it can also be used as a type of chemical defense.
Breadcrumb
By breaking down chemical compounds produced by phytoplankton, bacteria release the aromatic dimethyl sulfide DMS into the atmosphere. In small doses DMS produces a subtle aroma, which for many people is the pleasant yet salty and pungent smell of the sea, however, concentrated doses from an algal bloom cause an unsavory scent. Many algae species are immobile and therefore must heavily fortify themselves against whatever comes their way. If a cold spell should cross where they live they cannot simply get up and leave to find warmer waters. Nor can they leave if a school of voracious predators comes swimming by.
Instead they can produce a myriad of protective chemicals that act like bug spray or antifreeze. One particularly popular chemical produced by marine algae is called dimethylsulfoniopropionate. Quite the mouthful, scientists refer to it as DMSP. Although the exact use of this sulfur-rich chemical is still a mystery, scientists guess it can aid in anything from deterring predators, avoiding viral infection, protecting against ultraviolet radiation, regulating salinity and temperature, and possibly acting as an antifreeze.
Algae create a lot of DMSP, as much as 6 x 10 7 gigatons annually. These algae have created quite the conundrum for themselves— they need the sulfur to build proteins. This is where microbes come into play. Bacteria contain special enzymes that convert the DMSP into usable forms of sulfur. As much as 90 percent of the DMSP produced by algae is converted into consumable sulfur by bacteria.
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The remaining 10 percent is converted into DMS, an extremely volatile substance that floats into the atmosphere as a gas and is the source of the sea spray smell. A Phaeocystis bloom can cause a 10 to times increase of atmospheric DMS when compared to the average amount found near the open ocean. The scent of DMS is a powerful lure for seabirds. Albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels have a keen sense of smell and they follow the scent of a phytoplankton bloom because it promises tasty krill and fish that feed on the algae. DMS in the atmosphere can also lead to the formation of clouds. For a cloud to form, water droplets must condense onto bits of floating particles, like dust, fire soot, volcanic ash, car exhaust, or DMS.
A world with more phytoplankton, and therefore more DMS, could have a small cooling effect on the globe. Microbes live in communities and rely on one another to live. Within the community, individual types of microbes can have roles that support the overall well-being of the group.
This takes multiple steps, and so sometimes microbes will live together and specialize—each individual species will carry out one step of the decomposition process. In another example, microbes may alter the environment to make it a better place to live. One bacterium is able to secrete an acid so that the environment is at the correct acidity pH for others to join. Scientists are just scratching the surface when it comes to understanding how microbes interact with one another, and this area of research is sure to reveal some interesting relationships in the near future. While the majority of symbiotic relationships are between microbes, in some cases microbes will pair up with a larger organism.
These microbial relationships make up a microbiome. The microbiome is a term for the microbial community that takes up residence within the body of another organism. Many of the microbes that live on the surface or within the body of another species play a critical role in the survival of their host, and in return they get a safe place to grow with plenty of food. While for the majority of microbial relationships the exact benefits each symbiont provides remains unclear, often the microbe supplies food, a defense mechanism, or boosts disease immunity.
The gutless, bone-eating worm Osedax frankpressi would not exist without the microbes that live within their cells and break down the collagen, cholesterol, and lipids from the skeletons of whales that die and fall to the ocean floor. Microbes can also act as symbionts for other microbes.
Mysteries of the Worm
In the intertidal, algae and fungi live together and form lichens. The fungi build tough structures that help the lichen stick to rocks despite pounding waves, and the algae supplies food via photosynthesis. For the blowfish, a familiar delicacy in Asian cuisine, bacterial symbionts supply an important defense against predators—they produce the neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin.
For many predators, including humans, it is a deadly toxin. Exposure to the toxin can shut down muscle contractions critical to a beating heart, rendering the toxin a powerful defense against hungry predators. Many other animals besides the blowfish also rely on the toxin to fend off unwanted attackers—blue-ringed octopus, sea stars, horseshoe crabs, the flower egg crab, and several land dwelling creatures use the toxin, which caused scientists to wonder about why so many distantly related species use the same toxin. Current research suggests that symbiotic bacteria are the source of the deadly toxin.