Manual Power on the Roll: Super Bikes and Humans Reconnect! (The Super Bike Book 1)

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Table of contents

The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright or "safety bicycle" , has changed little since the first chain-driven model was developed around These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of cycling. The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture and of advancing modern industrial methods.

Several components that eventually played a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the bicycle, including ball bearings , pneumatic tires , chain-driven sprockets and tension-spoked wheels. Other words for bicycle include "bike", [13] "pushbike", [14] "pedal cycle", [15] or "cycle".

The " dandy horse ", also called Draisienne or Laufmaschine, was the first human means of transport to use only two wheels in tandem and was invented by the German Baron Karl von Drais. It is regarded as the modern bicycle's forerunner; Drais introduced it to the public in Mannheim in summer and in Paris in The first mechanically-propelled, two-wheeled vehicle may have been built by Kirkpatrick MacMillan , a Scottish blacksmith, in , although the claim is often disputed.

In the early s, Frenchmen Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement took bicycle design in a new direction by adding a mechanical crank drive with pedals on an enlarged front wheel the velocipede. This was the first in mass production. Another French inventor named Douglas Grasso had a failed prototype of Pierre Lallement's bicycle several years earlier.

Several inventions followed using rear-wheel drive, the best known being the rod-driven velocipede by Scotsman Thomas McCall in These bicycles were difficult to ride due to their high seat and poor weight distribution. His uncle, Josiah Turner, and business partner James Starley , used this as a basis for the 'Coventry Model' in what became Britain's first cycle factory. The dwarf ordinary addressed some of these faults by reducing the front wheel diameter and setting the seat further back.

This, in turn, required gearing—effected in a variety of ways—to efficiently use pedal power. Having to both pedal and steer via the front wheel remained a problem. Englishman J. Starley nephew of James Starley , J. Lawson, and Shergold solved this problem by introducing the chain drive originated by the unsuccessful "bicyclette" of Englishman Henry Lawson , [25] connecting the frame-mounted cranks to the rear wheel. These models were known as safety bicycles , dwarf safeties, or upright bicycles for their lower seat height and better weight distribution, although without pneumatic tires the ride of the smaller-wheeled bicycle would be much rougher than that of the larger-wheeled variety.

Starley's Rover , manufactured in Coventry [26] is usually described as the first recognizably modern bicycle. Further innovations increased comfort and ushered in a second bicycle craze , the s Golden Age of Bicycles. In , Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop introduced the first practical pneumatic tire, which soon became universal. Willie Hume demonstrated the supremacy of Dunlop's tyres in , winning the tyre's first-ever races in Ireland and then England.

What's so good about bicycles?

This refinement led to the s invention [30] of coaster brakes. It attracted attention at the World Fair and was produced in a few thousand units. In the s many cycling clubs flourished. They were popular in a time when there were not cars on the market and the principal mode of transportation was horse-drawn vehicles , such the horse and buggy or the horsecar. Among the earliest clubs was The Bicycle Touring Club , which has operated since By the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became widely popular.

It became the biggest bicycle manufacturing company in the world, making over two million bikes per year. Bicycles and horse buggies were the two mainstays of private transportation just prior to the automobile, and the grading of smooth roads in the late 19th century was stimulated by the widespread advertising, production, and use of these devices.

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Bicycle in Plymouth , England at the start of the 20th century. From the beginning and still today, bicycles have been and are employed for many uses. In a utilitarian way, bicycles are used for transportation, bicycle commuting , and utility cycling. It can be used as a 'work horse', used by mail carriers , paramedics , police , messengers , and general delivery services. Military uses of bicycles include communications , reconnaissance , troop movement, supply of provisions, and patrol. See also: bicycle infantry.

The bicycle is also used for recreational purposes, such as bicycle touring , mountain biking , physical fitness , and play. Bicycle competition includes racing , BMX racing , track racing , criterium , roller racing , sportives and time trials. Bikes can be used for entertainment and pleasure, such as in organised mass rides, artistic cycling and freestyle BMX. The bicycle has undergone continual adaptation and improvement since its inception.

These innovations have continued with the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design, allowing for a proliferation of specialized bicycle types, improved bicycle safety , and riding comfort. Bicycles can be categorized in many different ways: by function, by number of riders, by general construction, by gearing or by means of propulsion. The more common types include utility bicycles , mountain bicycles , racing bicycles , touring bicycles , hybrid bicycles , cruiser bicycles , and BMX bikes.

Less common are tandems , low riders , tall bikes , fixed gear , folding models , amphibious bicycles , freight bicycles , recumbents and electric bicycles. Unicycles , tricycles and quadracycles are not strictly bicycles, as they have respectively one, three and four wheels, but are often referred to informally as "bikes" or "cycles".

A bicycle stays upright while moving forward by being steered so as to keep its center of mass over the wheels.


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The combined center of mass of a bicycle and its rider must lean into a turn to successfully navigate it. This lean is induced by a method known as countersteering , which can be performed by the rider turning the handlebars directly with the hands [35] or indirectly by leaning the bicycle. Short-wheelbase or tall bicycles, when braking, can generate enough stopping force at the front wheel to flip longitudinally.

The bicycle is extraordinarily efficient in both biological and mechanical terms. The bicycle is the most efficient human-powered means of transportation in terms of energy a person must expend to travel a given distance. Air drag, which is proportional to the square of speed, requires dramatically higher power outputs as speeds increase.

Drag can be reduced by seating the rider in a more aerodynamically streamlined position. Drag can also be reduced by covering the bicycle with an aerodynamic fairing.

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The fastest recorded unpaced speed on a flat surface is The great majority of modern bicycles have a frame with upright seating that looks much like the first chain-driven bike. The front triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube, and seat tube. The head tube contains the headset , the set of bearings that allows the fork to turn smoothly for steering and balance. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear triangle consists of the seat tube and paired chain stays and seat stays.

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The chain stays run parallel to the chain , connecting the bottom bracket to the rear dropout , where the axle for the rear wheel is held. The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube at or near the same point as the top tube to the rear fork ends. Historically, women's bicycle frames had a top tube that connected in the middle of the seat tube instead of the top, resulting in a lower standover height at the expense of compromised structural integrity, since this places a strong bending load in the seat tube, and bicycle frame members are typically weak in bending.

This design, referred to as a step-through frame or as an open frame , allows the rider to mount and dismount in a dignified way while wearing a skirt or dress. While some women's bicycles continue to use this frame style, there is also a variation, the mixte , which splits the top tube laterally into two thinner top tubes that bypass the seat tube on each side and connect to the rear fork ends.


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The ease of stepping through is also appreciated by those with limited flexibility or other joint problems. Because of its persistent image as a "women's" bicycle, step-through frames are not common for larger frames. Step-throughs were popular partly for practical reasons and partly for social mores of the day.

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For most of the history of bicycles' popularity women have worn long skirts, and the lower frame accommodated these better than the top-tube. Furthermore, it was considered "unladylike" for women to open their legs to mount and dismount—in more conservative times women who rode bicycles at all were vilified as immoral or immodest.

These practices were akin to the older practice of riding horse sidesaddle. Another style is the recumbent bicycle. These are inherently more aerodynamic than upright versions, as the rider may lean back onto a support and operate pedals that are on about the same level as the seat. The world's fastest bicycle is a recumbent bicycle but this type was banned from competition in by the Union Cycliste Internationale. Historically, materials used in bicycles have followed a similar pattern as in aircraft, the goal being high strength and low weight. Since the late s alloy steels have been used for frame and fork tubes in higher quality machines.

By the s aluminum welding techniques had improved to the point that aluminum tube could safely be used in place of steel. Since then aluminum alloy frames and other components have become popular due to their light weight, and most mid-range bikes are now principally aluminum alloy of some kind. Virtually all professional racing bicycles now use carbon fibre frames, as they have the best strength to weight ratio.

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A typical modern carbon fiber frame can weighs less than 1 kilogram 2. Other exotic frame materials include titanium and advanced alloys. Bamboo , a natural composite material with high strength-to-weight ratio and stiffness [44] has been used for bicycles since The drivetrain begins with pedals which rotate the cranks , which are held in axis by the bottom bracket.

Most bicycles use a chain to transmit power to the rear wheel. A very small number of bicycles use a shaft drive to transmit power, or special belts. Hydraulic bicycle transmissions have been built, but they are currently inefficient and complex. Since cyclists' legs are most efficient over a narrow range of pedaling speeds, or cadence , a variable gear ratio helps a cyclist to maintain an optimum pedalling speed while covering varied terrain.