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Table of contents

Ezekiel adapted these unfulfilled prophecies to the exilic situation. A heathen assault could come now only against a restored Israel, and it could not be punitive. Inspired by the ancient model of Pharaoh's fall at the sea, Ezekiel conceives the motive of the assault to be the prospect of pillaging a defenseless people Ex. Following the general topical order of the priestly writings in the Pentateuch, a description of the future sanctuary, regulations for the cult and its personnel, and provisions for settlement in the land are set out in detail.

Modernization and rectification of past wrongs are pervasive motives. A blueprint of the Temple area is narrated as a tour through its courts, gates, and rooms, the prophet being guided by an angelic "man" with a measuring rod and line. The design appears to follow the latest form of the Solomonic Temple, with some schematization e.

The prophet witnesses the return of the divine Majesty through the east gate, by which it had exited in , into the inner sanctum. Thence an oracle issues, condemning the past contiguity of the palace and the Temple as a defilement of the latter, and banning it for the future. These sections deal with the altar, the reorganization of the clergy Zadokites alone to remain full priests, the rest to be degraded to menials for having served at the "idolatrous" rural sanctuaries , their regulations and perquisites, the territorial "sacred oblation" which is to be set aside for them and the temple, a brief cultic calendar.

Mention of the "oblation" attracts regulations concerning the "chieftain" king , to whom holdings on each side of the oblation are assigned in consequence, his ancient right [or abuse] of expropriation i Sam. Besides his role in the cult, his responsibility for maintaining justice is touched upon ff. The discontinuity and loose order of this section suggest that it is a composite that took shape piecemeal.

The vision of this marvelous stream, through which the prophet is led by his angelic guide, bridges the topic of the Temple and cult and that of the land, which follows. The boundaries of the future Land of Israel are essentially those of Numbers —12, and consequently exclude Transjordan, historically Israelite. Another rectification is the right extended to permanently resident aliens to share in tribal holdings. Yet another is the equalization of the tribal holdings: all receive equal latitudinal strips of land with some coastal plain, some highlands, and some bit of the Jordan- Dead Sea depression.

Ezekiel 8 Commentary - The Biblical Illusrator

Jerusalem will bear the new name "yhwh is there" cf. According to critical scholars, the text of Ezekiel is among the most corrupt of the Bible. That technical passages e. However, poetry too has been garbled cf. The Greek "Septuagint" often provides a remedy, but at the same time raises new questions because of its frequently shorter text.

In the light of the Greek, the received Hebrew text appears conflate — i. The texts of Ezekiel and Jeremiah were peculiarly susceptible to expansion and the addition of tags owing to the fact that they are very formulaic, their idiom being modeled upon the two most highly stylized and formulaic works of early Israelite tradition — the pentateuchal priestly writings and Deuteronomy respectively.

On occasion, allusions to events later than the prophecies that contain them indicate post-event touching up see, e. Since none reflects events later than the last-dated item in the book see below , the assumption that someone other than the prophet is responsible for them is unnecessary.

Recurrently, a piece will show a juncture at which a breakdown in form 20 , a skewing of theme 16; 23; 34 , or change of mood 17 appears. Repetitions see on ch. But whether such phenomena point to another hand rather than to later reflections or editorial activity of the prophet himself is a matter of dispute among critics. The common assumption that a circle of disciple-transmitters existed who had a large part in the shaping of the present text and its disjunctures lacks any evidential basis.

Information supplied by contemporary records suffices to test the claim of the book that its contents fall between July and April b.

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Just before breaking off, the Babylonian Chronicle reports that in December Nebuchadnezzar called out his army against Syria — for the first time since his conquest of Jerusalem in In the same year Jeremiah had his altercation with Hananiah ben Azzur, who prophesied the imminent fall of Babylon and the return, within two years, of King Jehoiachin and his exiles Jer. The situation of the exiles can be gathered from Jeremiah's letter to them, which was sent about this time Jer. There, too, prophets whom Jeremiah brands as false encouraged in the people expectations of a speedy end to their exile — which Jeremiah was at pains to quash.

He not only exhorts them to be reconciled to their captivity, he communicates to them an oracle ch. Hope in the future of Jerusalem is futile and wrong; the future belongs to the exiles from whom the nation will be regenerated so f. In Psammetichus made a state visit to some shrines on the Syrian coast, probably not without political overtones. About two years later, evidently in collaboration with Egypt and its Palestinian allies, Judah revolted.

Nebuchadnezzar called out a powerful army which laid siege to Jerusalem in January Shortly afterward, Psammetichus died, but his successor, Apries, maintained his policy. An Egyptian force marched into Palestine, giving Jerusalem temporary relief Jer. But it was soon beaten back, and the siege resumed until famine brought Jerusalem to its knees in the summer of None of the neighbors of Judah was destroyed in the revolt; Tyre and Egypt are known to have preserved their independence.

During or directly after Jerusalem's ordeal, Tyre was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar for 13 years Jos. The city came under Babylonian control, but was not sacked. He and he alone appears in the book as the conqueror of Judah and the appointed scourge of God for the nations. Every clear historical allusion in the book is to this, or some preceding, period. Especially significant is the book's ignorance of events later than its last date.

Its author lived to see the failure of his Tyre prophecy, and emended it in However he did not know that not Nebuchadnezzar, but Cambyses, would conquer Egypt — which would not then go into a year exile; and that Babylon's end would not be sanguinary and fiery ff. Persia is mentioned only as an exotic adjunct to the forces of Tyre and Gog — indicating that the author was ignorant of what happened from on, when Cyrus united Media and Persia into the nucleus of the Persian Empire.

If the author s?

In sum: no post anachronism has left its mark in the book to necessitate the assumption of another hand than Ezekiel's. That the locale of the prophecy is Babylonia is said several times ; ; 15; and implied by the era of "our exile" ; Several prophecies have an explicitly exilic standpoint or audience ff.

At the same time, the almost exclusive focus on Jerusalem in the doom prophecies and the passionate addresses to her have given rise to the view that at least part of the prophecy originated in Jerusalem — the present exilic cast of the whole being editorial so Rashi at , combining statements in the Mekhilta to Ex. However, the lack of a convincing explanation for such an alleged editorial transfer of originally Jerusalem prophecies to Babylonia leads one to ask whether the anomaly of Ezekiel's prophecy, given its Babylonian setting, is really so implausible.

Ezekiel fails to discriminate between exiles and home-landers in his diatribes; his audience is an undifferentiated "rebellious house," i. The situation corresponds to what is known from Jeremiah to have obtained in Jerusalem the year prior to Ezekiel's call see above. However, Jeremiah's letter reveals that precisely the same situation obtained among the Babylonian exiles.

For the Sake of My Holy Name: The Divine Reputation in Ezekiel as a Literary Phenomenon

So much so that Jeremiah's major concern is to create a cleavage between the exiles and the Jerusalemites with regard to their hopes for the immediate future. Both his exhortation to become reconciled to a long captivity and his prediction of an inexorable and total doom for Jerusalem are intended to make the exiles despair of Jerusalem's survival, to tear them from the hopes they attached to the city.

Only so could they be brought to repentance and the realization of their destiny as the "good figs" Jer. The implications of Jerusalem's fate were thus hardly less profound for the exiles than for the Jerusalemites themselves indeed most of the exiles were from Jerusalem, ii Kings ff. Had Jeremiah been in Tel Abib he would have found no topic of more absorbing concern to his audience than the future of the city; and his letter shows what the tenor of his message to them would have been: "laments, and moaning, and woe.


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An exiled Ezekiel's preoccupation with Jerusalem not quite exclusive; his calls to repentance are directed at the exiles, cf. Anomalous among prophets is his continuously addressing an audience that is apparently hundreds of miles away. But the appearance is misleading. Prophecies against foreign nations, an established genre, always involve an incongruity between the ostensible audience the foreign nations and the real one — the Israelites for whose ears the prophecies are really meant and for whom they bear a vital message.

Similarly an exiled prophet's address to Jerusalem would have been meant for the ears of his immediate environment.

Since in fact and spirit that environment was thoroughly Jerusalemite, the prophet would not have sensed any incongruity between his ostensible and his real audience. Whatever anomaly attaches to an exiled Ezekiel's prophecy arises out of the anomalous coexistence of two Jerusalemite communities hundreds of miles apart at this juncture of history.

That Ezekiel was far from Jerusalem during his career as a prophet is the most plausible explanation of his Temple vision in chapters 8— This congeries of strange cults and sinister plotting going on all at once at different locations in the temple precinct is evidently a montage whose elements are drawn principally, but not exclusively, from the syncretistic cult fostered by Manasseh and eradicated by Josiah cf.

As the report of a divine vision, the account had powerful significance even to an audience removed from its scene. Of the man Ezekiel all that is known is that he was a priest , married to a woman who died during the siege of Jerusalem ff. He was, presumably, among the aristocrats who were deported with King Jehoiachin in By then he had acquired the priestly learning and attitudes that characterize his prophecy: knowledge of the layout of the Temple and its regimen; of the historico-religious traditions of Israel, and of the idiom of priestly writing of the Pentateuch that dominates his prose critics dispute the direction of the influence: some attributing to Ezekiel the invention of certain priestly idioms; most allowing the influence at least of the Holiness Code Lev.

Passion and a fertile imagination, tending to the baroque, shine through his writings. He is the master of the dramatic, representational action which has a portentous, mysteriously causal character; in the prophet is called a prefiguring "sign," mofet.

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He was famous for his often lurid imagery His actions and his images are more numerous and more complex than those of any of his predecessors. As a visionary too he has no peer; indeed he innovated a genre: the transportation-and-tour vision, so common in later apocalypse. It is no wonder that people flocked to his "entertainments" Ezekiel was immersed in the whole range of Israel's prophetic tradition.

Archaic models inspire him — prophesying under seizure by "the hand of yhwh" cf. Elijah [i Kings ] and Elisha [ii Kings ] , transportation by the "wind of yhwh" cf. Elijah, i Kings ; ii Kings He is the only prophet after Moses who not only envisions the future but lays down a blueprint and a law for it. He reflects nothing of the eschatological vision of the unity of humankind under God introduced into Judahite prophecy by Isaiah ff.

Yet Ezekiel was deeply indebted to classical, literary prophecy as well. Instances of this have been pointed out in the analysis of the contents of the book. It need be remarked here only that by far the most striking affinities of Ezekiel's prophecy are with Jeremiah. The two have in common a vocabulary and a stock of concepts and figures eating God's words Jer.