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Hobby Farms Chickens: Tending a Small-Scale Flock for Pleasure and Profit is Much detailed information about all of the topics in the book is encapsulated in Four new chapters full of chicken-keeping know-how make this colorful new the information you need to succeed with chickens on your hobby farm or in your.
Table of contents
- Post Digital Network
- Murray McMurray Hatchery - Chickens
- POULTRY BY NUMBERS
- Going Home with Wendell Berry
Piglets also may be weaned and removed from the sows at between two and five weeks old [24] and placed in sheds. However, grower pigs - which comprise the bulk of the herd - are usually housed in alternative indoor housing, such as batch pens.
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During pregnancy, the use of a stall may be preferred as it facilitates feed-management and growth control. It also prevents pig aggression e. Group pens generally require higher stockmanship skills. Such pens will usually not contain straw or other material. Alternatively, a straw-lined shed may house a larger group i. Cattle are domesticated ungulates , a member of the family Bovidae , in the subfamily Bovinae , and descended from the aurochs Bos primigenius.
As of — it is estimated that there are 1. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding , cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging , dehorning , loading, medical operations , vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. The feed also contains premixes composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, antibiotics , fermentation products, and other essential ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations.
Because of the availability of these products, a farmer using their own grain can formulate their own rations and be assured the animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins.
There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system. There are concerns surrounding the antibiotics and growth hormones used, increased E. As of , in the U. The beef industry is segmented with the bulk of the producers participating in raising beef calves. Fewer producers participate in the finishing phase which often occurs in a feedlot , but nonetheless there are 82, feedlots in the United States. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture IMTA , also called integrated aquaculture, [31] is a practice in which the by-products wastes from one species are recycled to become inputs fertilizers , food for another, making aquaculture intensive.
Fed aquaculture e. The system is multi-trophic as it makes use of species from different trophic or nutritional level, unlike traditional aquaculture. Ideally, the biological and chemical processes in such a system should balance. This is achieved through the appropriate selection and proportions of different species providing different ecosystem functions.
The co-cultured species should not just be biofilters , but harvestable crops of commercial value. In various jurisdictions, intensive animal production of some kinds is subject to regulation for environmental protection. In the United States, a Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation CAFO that discharges or proposes to discharge waste requires a permit and implementation of a plan for management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc.
In , the US Environmental Protection Agency published 5-year and 1-year data on environmental performance of 32 industries, with data for the livestock industry being derived mostly from inspections of CAFOs. Of the 32 industries, livestock production was among the top seven for environmental performance over the 5-year period, and was one of the top two in the final year of that period, where good environmental performance is indicated by a low ratio of enforcement orders to inspections. Also in the final year, the livestock industry was one of the two leaders among the 32 industries in terms of having the lowest percentage of facilities with violations.
In Canada, intensive animal production, like other agricultural sectors, is also subject to various other federal and provincial requirements. In the United States, farmed animals are excluded by half of all state animal cruelty laws including the federal Animal Welfare Act. The hour law, enacted in and amended in states that when animals are being transported for slaughter, the vehicle must stop every 28 hours and the animals must be let out for exercise, food, and water.
The United States Department of Agriculture claims that the law does not apply to birds.
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The Humane Slaughter Act is similarly limited. Originally passed in , the Act requires that livestock be stunned into unconsciousness prior to slaughter. This Act also excludes birds, who make up more than 90 percent of the animals slaughtered for food, as well as rabbits and fish. Individual states all have their own animal cruelty statutes; however many states have a provision to exempt standard agricultural practices.
In the United States there is an attempt to regulate farms in the most realistic way possible. The easiest way to effectively regulate the most animals with a limited number of resources and time is to regulate the large farms. These farms are not regulated to the level that CAFOs are. This can lead to pollution and nutrient leaching. This is the issue we need to deal with as the regulations on the non-CAFO farms are much less strict if there are any.
In Ohio animal welfare organizations reached a negotiated settlement with farm organizations while in California, Proposition 2, Standards for Confining Farm Animals , an initiated law was approved by voters in This program's goal is to protect the environment and human and animal health by using manure in a safe and effective manner. In Australia's largest supermarket chain, Coles, announced that as of January 1, , they will stop selling company branded pork and eggs from animals kept in factory farms.
The nation's other dominant supermarket chain, Woolworths, has already begun phasing out factory farmed animal products.
Murray McMurray Hatchery - Chickens
All of Woolworth's house brand eggs are now cage-free, and by mid all of their pork will come from farmers who operate stall-free farms. Advocates of factory farming claim that factory farming has led to the betterment of housing, nutrition, and disease control over the last twenty years, [44] while opponents claim that it harms wildlife and the environment, [45] creates health risks, [50] abuses animals, [51] [52] [53] and raises ethical issues. There are differences around the world as to which practices are accepted and there continue to be changes in regulations with animal welfare being a strong driver for increased regulation.
For example, the EU is bringing in further regulation to set maximum stocking densities for meat chickens by , [ needs update ] where the UK Animal Welfare Minister commented, "The welfare of meat chickens is a major concern to people throughout the European Union. This agreement sends a strong message to the rest of the world that we care about animal welfare. Factory farming is greatly debated throughout Australia, with many people disagreeing with the methods and ways in which the animals in factory farms are treated. Animals are often under stress from being kept in confined spaces and will attack each other.
In an effort to prevent injury leading to infection, their beaks, tails and teeth are removed. Factory farms are a popular way to gain space, with animals such as chickens being kept in spaces smaller than an A4 page.
POULTRY BY NUMBERS
For example, in the UK, de-beaking of chickens is deprecated , but it is recognized that it is a method of last resort, seen as better than allowing vicious fighting and ultimately cannibalism. The largest pork producer in the U. Death rates for sows have been increasing in the US from prolapse , which has been attributed to intensive breeding practices.
Sows produce on average 23 piglets a year. According to the U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , farms on which animals are intensively reared can cause adverse health reactions in farm workers.
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Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch infections that transmit from animals to human beings such as tuberculosis. Pesticides are used to control organisms which are considered harmful [68] and they save farmers money by preventing product losses to pests. One source of this is bioaccumulation in animals raised on factory farms.
The CDC writes that chemical, bacterial, and viral compounds from animal waste may travel in the soil and water. Residents near such farms report problems such as unpleasant smell, flies and adverse health effects. The CDC has identified a number of pollutants associated with the discharge of animal waste into rivers and lakes, and into the air. Antibiotic use in livestock may create antibiotic-resistant pathogens; parasites, bacteria, and viruses may be spread; ammonia , nitrogen , and phosphorus can reduce oxygen in surface waters and contaminate drinking water; pesticides and hormones may cause hormone-related changes in fish; animal feed and feathers may stunt the growth of desirable plants in surface waters and provide nutrients to disease-causing micro-organisms; trace elements such as arsenic and copper , which are harmful to human health, may contaminate surface waters.
Intensive farming may make the evolution and spread of harmful diseases easier. Many communicable animal diseases spread rapidly through densely spaced populations of animals and crowding makes genetic reassortment more likely. However, small family farms are more likely to introduce bird diseases and more frequent association with people into the mix, as happened in the flu pandemic [74].
In the European Union , growth hormones are banned on the basis that there is no way of determining a safe level. The UK has stated that in the event of the EU raising the ban at some future date, to comply with a precautionary approach, it would only consider the introduction of specific hormones, proven on a case by case basis.
Furthermore, in the European Union banned all drugs for livestock that were used for growth promotion purposes. As a result of these bans, the levels of antibiotic resistance in animal products and within the human population showed a decrease. The international trade in animal products increases the risk of global transmission of virulent diseases such as swine fever , [78] BSE , foot and mouth and bird flu. In the United States, the use of antibiotics in livestock is still prevalent. The FDA reports that 80 percent of all antibiotics sold in were administered to livestock animals, and that many of these antibiotics are identical or closely related to drugs used for treating illnesses in humans.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA has been identified in pigs and humans raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of MRSA for human infection. CC is a new clone of MRSA that has emerged in animals and is found in intensively reared production animals primarily pigs, but also cattle and poultry , where it can be transmitted to humans.
Although dangerous to humans, CC is often asymptomatic in food-producing animals. A nationwide study reported nearly half of the meat and poultry sold in U. The senior author of the study said, "The fact that drug-resistant S. In April , lawmakers in the Mexican state of Veracruz accused large-scale hog and poultry operations of being breeding grounds of a pandemic swine flu, although they did not present scientific evidence to support their claim. A swine flu which quickly killed more than infected persons in that area, appears to have begun in the vicinity of a Smithfield subsidiary pig CAFO concentrated animal feeding operation.
Intensive factory farming has grown to become the biggest threat to the global environment through the loss of ecosystem services and global warming. This sometimes results in the pollution of water, soil and air by agrochemicals and manure waste, and use of limited resources such as water and energy at unsustainable rates.
Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of Greenhouse gas emissions and is predicted to become more so.
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- Animal husbandry.
On intensive pig farms, the animals are generally kept on concrete with slats or grates for the manure to drain through. The manure is usually stored in slurry form slurry is a liquid mixture of urine and feces. During storage on farm, slurry emits methane and when manure is spread on fields it emits nitrous oxide and causes nitrogen pollution of land and water. Poultry manure from factory farms emits high levels of nitrous oxide and ammonia. Large quantities and concentrations of waste are produced. Environmental impacts of factory farming include: [93].
Small farmers are often absorbed into factory farm operations, acting as contract growers for the industrial facilities. In the case of poultry contract growers, farmers are required to make costly investments in construction of sheds to house the birds, buy required feed and drugs - often settling for slim profit margins, or even losses. Research has shown that many immigrant workers in concentrated animal farming operations CAFOs in the United States receive little to no job-specific training or safety and health information regarding the hazards associated with these jobs. As a result, many workers do not perceive their jobs as dangerous.
This causes inconsistent personal protective equipment PPE use, and can lead to workplace accidents and injuries. Immigrant workers are also less likely to report any workplace hazards and injuries. The major concentration of the industry occurs at the slaughter and meat processing phase, with only four companies slaughtering and processing 81 percent of cows, 73 percent of sheep, 57 percent of pigs and 50 percent of chickens.
- If consumers knew how farmed chickens were raised, they might never eat their meat again!
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