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Holmes and Watson in their investigation of the sinking of the Titanic realise that this was just a minor incident in the criminal designs of a more evil master.
Table of contents
- THE MEMOIRS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
- Gordon McAlpine
- Conan Doyle: His Life and Art - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia
THE MEMOIRS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES
The c If it could be determined exactly how each type of insect colonized the dead, and if the length of time it took to do so could be accurately predicted, it might prove a valuable tool in establishing time of death in a homicide. Many different sorts of insects are attracted to cadavers, and each species has its own breeding habits. Further, as insects are cold-blooded, their reproductive and feeding behaviors are strongly affected by ambient temperature. They often appear in the coloring of honeybees or wasps. In , a case in France made innovative use of this natural science.
When the bricks were removed, the tiny corpse of what appeared to be a newborn child was disclosed. Insects of various kinds had made their home in the nooks and crannies of the corpse.
But was this case a murder, or only the irregular disposal of a child born dead? Was the child full term at birth? Had it been stillborn? If born alive, how old was it at death? What was the cause of death? If it was a homicide, who was most likely responsible? The problem was complicated by the fact that four different tenants had lived in the apartment in the previous three years. Bergeret approached the problem with the classic techniques of legal medicine. He dissected the body, measured the bones, and minutely examined the desiccated tissues. He concluded that the child had been full term and had been born alive.
Carefully observing and classifying the moths, mites, and pupae that infested the corpse, he felt certain that the body had been in the wall for at least two years. The neighbors and the landlady, Madame Saillard, believed that the woman had been pregnant, but the child had never been seen.
Although the woman was arrested and brought to trial, she was not convicted. Suspicious circumstances notwithstanding, Bergeret was unable to establish that the manner of death was homicide. When Bergeret wrote his report of the case in , he stressed both the small amount of knowledge available at the time about the effects of insects on the dead and the need for additional research.
Brouardel asked an army veterinarian, Pierre Megnin, and a professor of the Natural History Museum in Paris to consult. There were millions of mites present, both living and dead. They assumed it would be of use in the future. Just as Sherlock Holmes would have demanded, they collected data. As the data accumulated, the connection strengthened between the natural sciences and legal medicine. To further understanding of the effects that plant and insect life have on long-buried corpses, large-scale exhumations were carried out during the nineteenth century in France and Germany under the direction of medicolegal doctors.
Researchers also exposed the corpses of animals to observe the postmortem changes caused by various insects under a variety of weather conditions. They observed that some beetles carried tiny mites on their bodies, thus allowing the mites access to cadavers. Insects were often responsible for postmortem or perimortem injuries. The knowledge prevented a number of judicial disasters. In Frankfurt, Germany, in , a nine-month-old baby from an impoverished family died.
At autopsy, which was performed three days later, injuries to the face were noted. At the time, this was a common method of disposing of inconvenient children. Entomologists, however, demonstrated that the injuries were due to the bites of roaches, and the bereaved father was released from prison after several weeks of incarceration. The frantic mother insisted that she was innocent of any crime and that she had seen the body of her child covered with a blanket of roaches when she had returned from choosing a casket.
The resultant damage caused by the insects proved that the injuries found on the child could be caused in this way, and the wretched mother was spared prosecution. Conan Doyle spent months in Berlin and Vienna in Given his medical background, he was most likely well aware of this growing research. Interest in the subject spread rapidly. Bit by bit, the importance of the insect world became evident. The moth had been discovered in Madagascar, just as Darwin had speculated forty years before. I, my old housekeeper, and my bees have the estate all to ourselves.
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Clearly this would have been more than the casual amusement of a gentleman; it would have been a careful study contributing vital data to forensic science. Their living habits are unsavory, and one can never be sure of where they have been. Certain leeches, such as the helpful Hirudo medicinalis, are now enjoying a renaissance as part of the healing arts. They aid in maintaining circulation in surgically reattached parts. At Dr.
As a medical man, Watson absorbs this bit of information with equanimity, knowing that experiments in chemistry inevitably involve contact with dangerous materials. Great throngs of Victorians, full of passionate attention, regularly attended celebrated trials for poisoning as though going to the theater.
It excited interest that many of the accused were disarmingly attractive, educated women. Wellborn, educated women were believed to be implicitly trustworthy. In the nineteenth century, many stood in the dock only because recent advances in toxicology made it possible to detect delicate but sinister handiwork. In , Florence Maybrick was not so fortunate, as she was convicted on shaky evidence of the arsenic murder of her drugtaking, abusive husband, James.
A large part of her conviction rested on the fact that Mr. Justice Fitzjames Stephen, who presided over her trial, was slithering toward senility and allowed copious amounts of extraneous testimony to be admitted. He also delivered a rambling but most unfavorable summation. She was released in and promptly wrote a book entitled My Fifteen Lost Years. It sold very well. Observing the trial of a woman whose life hung in the balance was titillating, but actually convicting her was avoided. As a rule, convictions were hard to achieve. Reasonable doubt was easily raised, as the times were awash in lethal substances.
Mercury was used in the manufacture of hats. Small doses of arsenic and similar substances were often taken as tonics. Women used arsenic to whiten their complexions and belladonna to enlarge the pupils of their eyes.
Gordon McAlpine
But as an educated physician, he undoubtedly knows something of the sinister history of poisoning and the problems that subtle homicides presented to both the judicial system and the medical profession. In ancient times, poisoning was both obsessively feared and ferociously punished.
Venin de crapaud, or toad venom, was a favorite. These poisons were often tested on prisoners or slaves, and if proved effective, they were used to coat weapons. The idea of using a form of poison, which could not possibly be discovered by any c The rapidity with which such a poison would take effect would also, from his point of view, be an advantage. It would be a sharp-eyed coroner, indeed, who could distinguish the two little dark punctures.
She had vomited. The bereaved husband explained that she had complained of feeling ill and had decided to take a bath. He had fallen asleep waiting for her to return to bed. When he awakened, he discovered her still in the tub, her head submerged in water. He had tried to lift her, but found that even given his nursing skills she was too heavy for him. Therefore, he had drained the tub and tried to resuscitate her where she lay, clearly to no avail. The doctor called the police. There were no signs of splashed water anywhere in the bathroom.
The attention of forensic pathologist David Price was requested. The body was brought to the Harrowgate mortuary, and the postmortem was performed at once. Internal examination revealed an c Price, wielding a magnifying glass, went over the body slowly and methodically a second time.
Conan Doyle: His Life and Art - The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia
After two painstaking hours, he was rewarded by the discovery of two sets of tiny hypodermic marks on the buttocks. But the toxicology screen had been negative. What could have been injected into this young woman? It was known that Elizabeth was not a diabetic, and therefore injecting her with a large dose of insulin would result in fatal hypoglycemic shock.
There was no precedent for murder by insulin, no accepted test. Price sectioned out the hypodermic marks. He and A. Curry, the toxicologist, injected a group of mice with insulin and a second group with a slurry made from the sectioned tissue. Both groups of mice developed identical symptoms and died. The tests were repeated several times with the same results. Kenneth Barlow was found guilty of poisoning his wife and sentenced to life in prison.
It had been accepted as a natural death. Although reptiles and the odd amphibian were the most common sources of poison in the ancient world, plant poisons were also known. Hemlock, oleander, monkshood, hellebore, opium, and various unsavory varieties of mushrooms took their toll on unsuspecting victims.
Although it was often a suspected cause of death, its presence could not be clearly demonstrated in a court of law. During the Middle Ages, the pervasive fear of poisoning led to complex but ineffective antidotes and superstitious methods of detection. It was believed that black spots appearing on a corpse denoted the presence of poison, thus confusing natural signs of putrefaction or disease with evidence of homicide. These are accretions usually formed in the intestines or gallbladders of animals, and they were bought at enormous cost by many credulous heads of state.