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imbued or filled with (a quality, especially a desirable one).
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Examples of instinctive behaviors in humans include many of the primitive reflexes , such as rooting and suckling, behaviors which are present in mammals. In rats, it has been observed that innate responses are related to specific chemicals, and these chemicals are detected by two organs located in the nose: the vomeronasal organ VNO and the main olfactory epithelium MOE.

Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.

Imprinting provides one example of instinct. In some cases, imprinting attaches an offspring to its parent, which is a reproductive benefit to offspring survival. Attached offspring are also more likely to learn from a parental figure when interacting closely. Reproductive benefits are a driving force behind natural selection. Environment is an important factor in how innate behavior has evolved.

A hypothesis of Michael McCollough, a positive psychologist , explains that environment plays a key role in human behaviors such as forgiveness and revenge. This hypothesis theorizes that various social environments cause either forgiveness or revenge to prevail. McCollough relates his theory to game theory. The choice between the two can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on what the partner-organism chooses. Though this psychological example of game theory does not have such directly measurable results, it provides an interesting theory of unique thought.

From a more biological standpoint, the brain's limbic system operates as the main control-area for response to certain stimuli, including a variety of instinctual behavior. The limbic system processes external stimuli related to emotions, social activity, and motivation, which propagates a behavioral response.

Some behaviors include maternal care, aggression, defense, and social hierarchy. These behaviors are influenced by sensory input — sight, sound, touch, and smell. Within the circuitry of the limbic system, there are various places where evolution could have taken place, or could take place in the future. For example, many rodents have receptors in the vomeronasal organ that respond explicitly to predator stimuli that specifically relate to that individual species of rodent.

The reception of a predatory stimulus usually creates a response of defense or fear. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium, together called the olfactory system , detect pheromones from the opposite sex.

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These signals then travel to the medial amygdala, which disperses the signal to a variety of brain parts. The pathways involved with innate circuitry are extremely specialized and specific. Instinct is a phenomenon that can be investigated from a multitude of angles: genetics, limbic system, nervous pathways, and environment. Researchers can study levels of instincts, from molecular to groups of individuals.

Extremely specialized systems have evolved, resulting in individuals which exhibit behaviors without learning them.

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• instinct | meaning of instinct in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English | LDOCE.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Instinct disambiguation. Main article: Reflex. Play media. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

New York: Pantheon Books. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Ltd, London, p. First Known Use of instinct Noun 15th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1 Adjective , in the meaning defined at sense 2. History and Etymology for instinct Noun Middle English, from Latin instinctus impulse, from instinguere to incite; akin to Latin instigare to instigate. Learn More about instinct.

Time Traveler for instinct The first known use of instinct was in the 15th century See more words from the same century. From the Editors at Merriam-Webster. Dictionary Entries near instinct instigatingly instil instill instinct instinction instinctive institor See More Nearby Entries. Phrases Related to instinct homing instinct survival instinct. The Merriam-Webster. More Definitions for instinct. English Language Learners Definition of instinct.

Kids Definition of instinct. Comments on instinct What made you want to look up instinct? Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Love words?

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