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This approach allows one to explore the link between socio-economic geography of the city and its built physical form, and can support decision-making regarding interventions within the social and physical environment. Posted by Andrew Crooks at pm. Email This BlogThis! No comments:.

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Newer Post Older Post Home. As planners grapple with how to consider the vagaries of the real world when putting together proposals for future development, they question how complexity, complex systems and complexity theories might prove useful with regard to spatial planning and the physical environment. This book provides a readable overview, presenting and relating a range of understandings and characteristics of complexity and complex systems as they are relevant to planning.

It recognizes multiple, relational approaches of dynamic complexity which enhance understandings of, and facilitate working with, contingencies of place, time and the various participants' behaviors. In doing so, it should contribute to a better understanding of processes with regard to our physical and social worlds. Literature Review: Emergency Management and Its Application to Tourism Petak highlighted the key challenges of emergency management—in anticipating the unexpected even though we might expect a crisis, we may not know when and how it will unfold.

Table 1.

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This could mean an airport business staying operational after an electricity blackout as a result of terrorist attack by using its own generators. An event covered by emergency management could be a terrorist attack or natural disaster. It offers an alternative to a sustainability program, which essentially means the ability to respond and recover from a shock.

A Planner's Encounter with Complexity

Open in a separate window. Understanding the Development of Emergency Management and Planning: The Role of Collaboration The notion of a command and control approach to national emergency management has dominated thinking on emergency management see Rintakoski and Alho but has been losing some of its popularity as management theory has emphasized the value of more collaborative approaches i. Table 2.

Command and Control Characteristics Collaborative Characteristics Exercise of power via authority by a single commander over subordinates Power shared and the team is at its most powerful through consensus Focus of the leader on planning, directing, coordinating, and determining roles, responsibilities and relationships; reliance upon the leader to find solutions or personnel to solve immediate problems Model draws upon the transferrable skills of the team to facilitate interaction through engagement with the tasks in hand as well as problem solving as the issues arise in an emergency through collective experience Militaristic and traditional management model for organizations that is dependent entirely on the characteristics of the leader to inspire the efforts of the subordinates Team building and consensual management with collective effort and based on sharing knowledge and information.

Complexity and Modeling in Emergency Management Waugh and Streib refer to modern emergency management as being paradoxical. Methodology Disasters, by their very nature can never be accurately or completely known, and most expert and emergency managers reject the idea of a single most likely scenario in the future Rikkonen, Kaivo-oja, and Aakkula Figure 1.


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Table 3. Distribution of Types of Respondents. Table 4. The Two Scenarios.

GIS and Agent-Based Modeling: Complexity and Planning: Systems, Assemblages and Simulations

Scenario A It is the main tourist season and an earthquake measuring 8. The information you are receiving is scant and lacking detail. In particular, we still do not have reliable estimates of casualties and destruction. However, you do receive reports indicating that the event is serious with deaths reported and significant damage to infrastructure and superstructure.

You also are led to believe that some tourists are included amongst the casualties. The main airport remains open with limited services available; many highways and arterial roads are closed as a result of earthquake damage. Power supplies have been interrupted and fires, gas leaks and local flooding are prevalent. Reports are coming in of frequent aftershocks ranging from 4. The system is expected to reach the coastal areas sometime within the next 48 hours, combining with high tide creating a significant storm surge and major flooding to all low-lying areas.

The high winds are expected to cause considerable damage to properties. It is peak tourist season and hotels are running at near full capacity, and there are an estimated 3, tourists directly in the path of the cyclone and a further 1, tourists located in more rural areas in and around the coastal region.

The high winds and floods are expected to close the international airport within the next 16 to 18 hours and the main arterial roads to and from the region are blocked as a result of flooding from recent rain and the evacuating population. The power supplies have been intermittent as the high winds have brought down cables.

Table 5. The 18 Linguistic Questions in the Delphi Exercise. Immediately contact tourists in the affected area Contact and liaise with families of own affected staff 2. Arrange travel to repatriate tourists from affected area Liaise with hospitals and medical centers where tourists have been taken Regularly update key stakeholders, the media, wider stakeholders 4. Liaise with embassies of affected tourists to assist in identification and repatriation Provide regular information updates to tourists 5. Arrange alternative emergency accommodation for all affected tourists Identification of tourists confirmed missing 7.

Coordinate the use of any resources private and public by national emergency services e. Identification of tourists confirmed dead 8. Manage internal HR issues to ensure continuing ability to respond—resilience Financial assistance arrangements for affected tourists. Findings After the first round of the Delphi data collection, half of the statements had achieved the consensus threshold, leaving the other half 9 showing a deviation of more than 1, between the 25th and 75th percentiles 3, 4, 5, 1.

Analysis The descriptive statistics show that out of a total of completed responses Table 6. Percentage of Agreement Mean During a crisis, it is important to use the resources of the travel and tourism businesses in order to respond effectively. Table 7. Private Both Public Identification of tourists confirmed dead 0. Table 8. Total Variance Explained in the Components. Table 9. Rotated Component Matrix. Component 1 2 3 4 1. Immediately contact tourists in the affected area. Arrange travel to repatriate tourists from affected areas. Liaise with embassies of affected tourists to assist in identification and repatriation.

Arrange alternative emergency accommodation for all affected tourists. Manage internal HR issues to ensure continuing ability to respond—resilience. Regularly update key stakeholders, the media, wider stakeholders. Provide regular information updates to tourists.

Identification of tourists confirmed missing. Identification of tourists confirmed dead. Figure 2. Summary of Findings, Discussion, and Implications Earlier in this article, a number of key studies posited the case for collaboration in emergency management i. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to allocate emergency management—related responsibilities between public and private sector agents, during a COBRA-type scenario where tourism is a major component. Notes 1. References Alexander D. Principles of Emergency Planning and Management. Edinburgh: Terra. Bowen C. Burby R.

Cahyanto I. Chettiparamb A. Churchman C.