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Table of contents
Language English. Author Trueb, Linda. Other Authors Duellman, William Edward, , joint author. Physical Description 47 p. Series Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural History, no. Subjects Osteocephalus. Frogs -- Ecuador. Notes Caption title. Bibliography: p.
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Other suppliers National Library of Australia - Copies Direct The National Library may be able to supply you with a photocopy or electronic copy of all or part of this item, for a fee, depending on copyright restrictions. Tags What are tags? The advertisement call of O. The dominant frequency is located in the fundamental harmonic. Bioacoustic parameters of the advertisement call of O. A Oscillogram of a series of five calls of O. Spectrograms upper graphs and oscillograms lower graphs depicting calls composed by three B and two C pulsed notes of O.
Spectrograms upper graphs and oscillograms lower graphs depicting calls of O. Abbreviation: Hz, hertz; ms, millisecond; n , sample size. Total length Rounded snout in both dorsal and lateral views Figs. Nostrils located dorsolaterally and directed anterolaterally; circular opening. Eyes located and directed dorsolaterally. Oral disc Figs.
Slender upper jaw sheath, finely serrated and arc-shaped; lower jaw sheath as slender and finely serrated as the upper one, V-shaped. Single and sinistral spiracle; inner wall free from the body; in lateral view, the spiracle surpasses the outline of the lower margin of the tail muscle in the distal portion. Dextral vent tube, attached to the ventral fin, right wall displaced dorsally. Dorsal and ventral fin similar in height; the ventral fin does not surpass the lower margin of body; flagellum absent.
Linda Trueb and William E. Duellman
Dorsal A , lateral B and ventral C views. Detailed views of the oral disc D and body E.
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Photographs: Jeni Lima Magnusson. In life, tadpoles at Gosner stage 36 display a light brown dorsum with irregularly distributed dark brown blotches Fig. Translucent venter. Dorsal portion of the tail muscle bronze; ventral portion pinkish cream; fins translucent with light brow blotches. Tadpoles at Gosner stage 39—40 are similar in colour pattern Fig.
Tadpoles at Gosner stage 45 display a silvery cream dorsum with dark and light grey blotches and spots Fig. A Tadpole at Gosner stage B Tadpole between Gosner stage 39 and D Recently metamorphosed juvenile. In life, metamorphs present a grey dorsum with dark grey blotches Fig. White subocular region, extending to the anterior infratympanic area; a dark stripe covering supratympanic region, from the posterior corner of the eyes to the arm insertion to the body. Bright red iris and black oval pupil.
Limbs grey, except for the upper arm white ; four transversal dark grey stripes on the thigh; three horizontal dark grey stripes on the forearm and tarsus; light grey blotch on knee; white blotch on the heel. Venter white.
Two O. The first male not collected called from the same place for three consecutive nights. It occupied a calling place on a horizontal leaf of herbaceous plant ca. The plant was growing close to a small phytotelma formed by trunk ridges of a large fallen tree Fig. The phytotelma was approximately at the same height above ground as the calling place. The second male was found calling on vegetation ca. Both breeding places were also occupied by calling males of Rhinella sp. Rhinella margaritifera species group. Tadpoles from RDS Rio Negro were found in a shallow puddle not connected to a stream in a secondary white-sand forest.
Some calling males presented territorial behaviour by altering their vocalisation in response to a playback not recorded. Based on those notes, it appears that O.
Trueb, Linda
A A typical O. Males were calling on plants close to trunk ridges filled with rainwater. Until now, O. Such a wide geographic range covering approximately , km 2 indicates that O. The western most known locality is ca. Therefore, its occurrence can be expected in Colombian territory. It was found both in the semi-open white-sand forest known as campinarana canopy below 20 m; Fig. No individuals were found in the open white-sand vegetation known as campina canopy below 10 m.
After dusk, individuals were found perched on vegetation mostly on narrow vertical trunks of smaller trees ca. In two cases, adult individuals were found hidden in open vertical plastic tubes, used for the delimitation of INPA study plots. Other hylid species found in sympatry with O. Several non-reproductive specimens of O. Specimens were perched on horizontal branches of small trees or on vertical trunks.
Similarly, individuals recorded during the field survey at the Brazilian foothills of the Pico da Neblina, close to the Venezuelan border, were found perched on horizontal branches of small trees, in an ecotonal white-sand forest campinarana with a low canopy and several small temporary puddles. In this region, O. In fact, all individuals of O. Such an association indicates an ecological preference of this species to this particular and threatened type of Amazonian forest.
In fact, the estimated distribution of O. The results of the phylogenetic analysis based on five mitochondrial markers are in good agreement with the previous broader phylogenetic hypotheses proposed for Osteocephalus by Ron et al. Monophyly of the five species groups was strongly supported.
The main difference between the present study and previous phylogenetic analyses lies in the topology of the species groups. Whereas Ron et al. Different topologies concerning these three phylogenetic hypotheses may reflect differences in specimen sampling, analysed genes and amount of missing data from each dataset. Our phylogenetic and morphological analyses revealed O.
It is interesting however, that one individual of O. Due to the absence of other voucher specimens and lack of comparative morphological data, the individual from the Venezuelan slope of the Pico da Neblina was wrongly associated with other Osteocephalus e. The apparent strong ecological association of O. To the best of our knowledge, a similar ecological association is known only in the case of the casque-headed frog Aparasphenodon venezolanus Mertens, , whose distribution partially overlaps with that of O.