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Table of contents
- The importance of the local newspaper
- Settler colonialism – Camden History Notes
- Category: Settler colonialism
- Category: Attachment to place
- Regionalism in the Cowpastures
Musicians, poets, raconteurs, performers and writers are all storytellers. All cultures have story tellers. Storytelling as song allows the musicians to connect with their audience. Their stories are captivating, and full of emotion and meaning. These stories are one element in the process of place making and construction of community identity.
Stories as songwriting can connect people with memories of the past in the present. Music can tell the stories of place and the history of a community. Music can create a connection with the landscape and create an attachment to place. Songs are one form of storytelling that can take a successful part of marketing and branding for a locality and community. In this way they help the local economy and local businesses. I encourage you to take the time and visit each venue to hear the diversity of the music and let our talented local artists entertain you for hours.
All trying to make a living. Their intrinsic success lies not in what others expect of them, but in achieving personal freedom and being true to their beliefs. Musicians can survive under these circumstances by developing important overarching and transferable skills. A mix of paid and unpaid, and mostly short term work and projects. Musicians state that the prefer to be in-charge of their own career, despite the financial challenges. They feel that they can control their creative efforts and their music related activities.
Musicians, like other creative arts types, are mostly self-directed and driven by a passion for their artistic work. Musicians often work across industries and are not locked into the music industry. They consider that they are continually learning and are not afraid of failure. Blackburn maintains that the success of musicians in the gig economy is down to a number of characteristics that they develop: Many of the artists at Camden Live and Local fitted into this category.
Some are in the early career stage while others are more successful. The gig economy is here to stay and provides many challenges. It is not for the fainthearted. Live and Local provided a sound platform for the exposure of these artists in a tough industry. The Conversation, 21 June Mr Watson was on a speaking tour and had attended a living history conference while in Australia.
He was responsible for setting up the Howell Living History Farm. Politics is not good or evil but just develops systems that do good for people. New Jersey state government have purchased development rights per acre from land developers. Howell Living History Farm is located within a one hour of around 15 million and the far has 65, visitors per year and 10, school children.
The farm represents New Jersey farming between and — a moment in time. The farm visitors are attracted by nostalgia which is an important value for them. The farm uses original equipment using traditional methods and interpretation with living history. Mr Watson illustrated his talk with a number of slides of the farm and its activities.
He stressed to the relieved audience that the farm activities used replica equipment, not historic artefacts. Howell Living History Farm offers a strong education program for schools. The farm seeks to preserve the traditional methods which have cultural value. Literature prepared for the Howell Living History Farm education program states that:. Story telling at the farm is done in the 1 st -person. Crops grown using traditional methods include oats, corn and wheat.
Activities include apple peeling. There is a sewing guild every Tuesday and the women make costumes. Mr Watson made the point that ice making in the US was a multi-million dollar industry in the s. Programs enable visitors to see real farming operations up close, speak with farmers and interpreters, and in many instances lend a hand. Factors such as weather, soil conditions and animal needs can impact operations at any time, resulting in program changes that reflect realities faced by farmers then and now.
Animal rights are a problem and you have to be honest about farming practices. Operated by the Mercer County Park Commission. The Yaralla estate has a colourful history and the site has been occupied by some famous Australians. The next prominent owner was Sydney banker and philanthropist Thomas Walker acquiring the property from Nichols sons in the s. Walker died in and left the estate in trust to his only daughter Eadith. He extended the second floor of the house and designed a number outbuildings including the dairy and stable buildings.
Yaralla House and the grounds are strikingly English-in-style and layout. The Arts and Crafts influenced Sulman buildings are set in idyllic setting of an English estate garden and park. The Dictionary of Sydney states that the top part of the estate.
The importance of the local newspaper
Yaralla House was a convalescent hospital after the Second World War and then fell into dis-repair. Much conservation work has been carried out in recent decades. Well known to locals. Little known to outsiders. This walk is described this way on the City of Canada Bay walks website:.
Settler colonialism – Camden History Notes
These are all part of the Sydney Coastal Walks. T he Cowpastures emerged as a regional concept in the late 18 th century starting with the story of the cattle of the First Fleet that escaped their captivity at the Sydney settlement. The region was a culturally constructed landscape that ebbed and flowed with European activity.
It then developed into a generally used locality name centred on the gentry estates in the area. The geographers call this type of area a functional region. A functional region is based on horizontal linkages within a particular area that are to an extent self-contained. The region was relatively self-cohesive when compared with linkages between regions. The key concept is self-containment with respect to the activities of those within the particular area. A useful way into a regional study like the Cowpastures is an environmental history, which is a multi-disciplinary approach.
This would cover the physical and cultural landscapes. The boundaries of the Cowpastures region were both culturally derived and natural, where the landforms restricted and constrained European activity. The story of the Cowpastures regions has many layers of history that can be peeled back to unravel its bits and pieces.
The story of the Cowpastures begins with the wild cows. They were Cape cattle. The cattle did not think much of their new home and after their arrival they took off within 5 months of being landed and disappeared. The cattle occupied and seized the territory of the Indigenous people who were wary of these horned beasts. Before the Cowpastures district was even an idea the area was the home for ancient Aboriginal culture based on Dreamtime stories. In the story of the cattle is told to a convict hunter by an Aboriginal, who then tells an officer and informs Governor Hunter.
Hunter sends Henry Hacking, an old seaman, to check out the story. After climbing a hill Mt Taurus they spotted the cattle and named the area the Cowpastures. By the herd had grown to 3, On their occupation they created a new land in their own vision of the world. The route that Governor Hunter took became the track to the area became known as the Cowpastures Road, starting at Prospect Hill and progressing to the crossing of the Nepean River.
In Governor King issued a proclamation in July banning any unauthorised entry south of the Nepean River to stop poaching of the wild cattle. The government reserve was never really defined and was just a vague area occupied by the Wild Cattle. The Bigge report described the Cowpastures this way:. They were discovered in these tracts in the year by a convict, and appear to have been attracted to the spot, and to have continued there, from the superior quality of the herbage. Since that period their numbers have greatly increased: It does not appear, however, that they have penetrated beyond the Blue Mountains, or the barren tract that is called the Bargo Brush.
The Cow Pastures extend northwards from the river Bargo to the junction of the river Warragumba and the Nepean. To the west they are bounded by some of the branches of the latter river and the hills of Nattai. A regional identity had emerged by the time the government reserve was dissolved in the early s and the land sold off. The usage of the identity of the Cowpastures extended into the second half of the 19 th century. The graph below is the usage of the locality name Cowpastures in newspapers listed on the National Library of Australia Trove Database in using QueryPic.
The usage of the Cowpastures regional identity persisted into the late 19 th century as these following newspaper extracts illustrated. The estate for sale came to acres. The property was fenced with 12 miles of fencing and watered by Narellan Creek. The sale also include household furniture, harnesses, saddlery, and ten horses. The properties offered were Orielton, Nonorrah, Moorfield, Eastwood and Netherbyres with a total of acres.
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The properties were offered in lots ranging from to 30 acres. The northern extremity of the Cowpasture Estates was the Bringelly Road. Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser, 16 July The procession headed for by Mr Hovel of Macquarie Grove. In auctioneer Mr Stubbs announced the sale of the household effects, stock and farming implements for the insolvent estate of GCP Living of Raby in the Cowpastures.
Category: Settler colonialism
The stock included heifers, bullocks, calves, dairy cows, steers totalling beasts and five horses. The farm equipment included dairy utensils, and transport equipment including carts, drays and wagons. The Camden District Council meeting in reported on the state of repair of the bridge across the Cowpasture River. In the Sydney Morning Herald reported on the population growth of the Cowpastures district which nearly reached people.
The press reports described the schools in the villages of Narellan, Cobbitty and Camden, with the reporter visiting The Razorback and the properties of Raby, Gledswood and Harrington Park. The beauty of other properties mentioned in the story included Orielton, Wivenhoe, Denbigh, Matavai and Brownlow Hill. In the Australian Town and Country Journal reported a claim for compensation on the colonial government by a shepherd Hugh McGuire for services for supervising a team of men in the Cowpastures district.
In the Sydney Morning Herald reported on a flood in Camden which was located in the Cowpasture district. There was a heavy downpour with a violent gale continued through the Wednesday night on the 26 April. The Australian Town and Country Journal reported on the state of the wheat growing in the colony in In these area hay production had replaced former wheat growing. The Sesqui-centenary of the colonial settlement of New South Wales sparked a revival of the story of the Cowpastures during the early s. There was also the revival of national pioneering heroes that it was felt provide a sound basis of the story of a new nation and one of those was John Macarthur of the Cowpastures.
He was the ultimate Cowpastures Oligarch. He had many colleagues who also fitted this description. T he Cowpastures Project. Launch of a new regional newspaper Ian Willis, of Camden, writes 19 November: Newspapers provide a trove of information about events, personalities, stories, businesses, sport and a host of other matters. About 60 participants enjoyed papers on: Nine-Fairfax merger rings warning bells for investigative journalism — and Australian democracy Media consolidation and rationalisation threatens the viability of these small community newspapers.
The importance of the local newspaper The essence of local newspapers is that they are a mirror of the small communities that produce them. The cover of The District Reporter newspaper for 6 July It is a weekly 16pp tabloid. The cover of the Canowindra Phoenix newspaper for 19 July Canonwindra Phoenix The Phoenix is published every Thursday in the community of Canowindra, population 2, Nine-Fairfax merger a disaster for quality media The Phoenix group has local editions at Canowindra, Forbes and Parkes with circulations of 2,, 3, and 3,, respectively.
A former country journalist and editor, McCormack stated: It clearly shows the small nature of the private estate village with the general store at the intersection of the Menangle Road and Station Street. The main railway line to Melbourne is on the left hand side of the image. The squadron leader while at Menangle was DW Campbell.
Hick states that the squadron number around personnel. According to Alan Hick the airfield had a number of issues for aircraft. The squadron was stationed at Menangle Park in December She remains pragmatic and curious with a can-do attitude. You want to follow her wherever she goes to see what she deals with next. Nick creates some of the best line-work in comics and lays out a fun, if not confusing, sequence of events that draw you in. It's an immersive experience, the attention to detail, the body language, the backgrounds, that causes you to fixate on every panel.
Bonvillain lights them on fire with bold color choices that enliven the scenes with a varied palette of hues. You have to approach 'Doom Patrol' with an open mind and a sense of humor. It's going to take you places you won't expect, leave you asking many questions, most won't be answered yet, but like David Lynch and Tim Burton, it's about the journey into weirdness that counts. Welcome to the corner of the DC universe that feels like Wonderland. So far 'Doom Patrol' is a quirky blast that will leave you "curiouser and curiouser.
By Enrique Rea December 15, DC Comics may have outdone themselves with their running themed variant covers for the month of March By Enrique Rea February 01, The closest we'll ever get, probably, to superheroes in real life is through the great work of cosplayers. The term which Eusebius and Jerome employ for Xegeb in the Onomasticon is Daromas, but they carry it farther northward than the Xegeb of the Old Testament. This point is treated at length in Wilton s The Xegeb. As Kurtz says Hist, of Old Cor. Canaanites , who were incomparably more important, are mentioned alone.
The season of the year is plain, but not the year itself, as various critics have shown in their attempts to prove it clear ; e.
Category: Attachment to place
Then came a long halt at Kadesh. The indications of the text are, that when the people found their progress into Canaan barred for a generation, they gradually scat tered themselves in larger or smaller groups among the wadies 3 of. On their arrival at the desert of Paran they sent out spies to Palestine from Kadesh-barnea; Num. Forty days afterwards the spies returned to the camp at Kadesh Xum.
The people murmured at the reports of the spies, and Jehovah pronounced the sentence upon them. It may even have lasted longer. The rabbins held that this indicates that the Israelites remained at Kadesh as long as at all the other stations combined; or, say, nineteen years. Light- foot takes the meaning to be, as long as the stay at Mount Sinai. Patrick, following older authorities, understands it, as long after the mutiny as before; or, forty days. Keil, and Lange, and others, consider the phrase as intentionally indefinite ; the facts being well understood by the Israelites to whom Moses was speaking.
Fries, as followed by others, woxild find here an intimation of the permanent stay at Kadesh, until the march Canaanward was finally resumed. From its extra water supply a wady is more fertile and arable than the higher ground about it. It is commonly marked with some signs of vegetation throughout the year. Meantime, the tabernacle, with its ministry, would seem to have moved, under the divine guidance, from place to place within the limits of the wanderings, as if on circuit, in order that Moses and Aaron might retain a spiritual oversight of the scattered people.
Certain it is, that the popular opinion, of a formal marching to and fro in the desert for the forty years of wandering, finds no more countenance in the text than it does in reason in view of the purposes of God with his people, and of the habits of Oriental nomads. Hardly a glimpse is given us of the covenant people, in all those years between their first and second formal gatherings at Kadesh ; nor can it be supposed that this inspired silence is with out a substantial reason.
Students of the covenant record, and historians of the covenant people, have recognized a pregnant meaning in the very shadows which obscure the life-story of Israel from Kadesh to Kadesh. But whatever happened while the first encampment lasted, and whatever occurred after the second encampment had taken place, was regarded as forming part of the history to be recorded. During the thirty-seven years, about which the scriptural records are silent, the history of Israel did not advance a single step towards its immediate object, the conquest of the Promised Land.
The thirty-seven years were not only stationary in their character, years of detention and therefore without a history, but they were also years of dispersion. The congregation had lost its unity, had ceased to be one compact body ; its organization was broken up, and its members were isolated the one from the other. It was only Israel as a whole, the combination of all the component parts, the whole congregation, with the ark of the covenant and the pillar of eloud in the midst, which came within the scope of the sacred records. And the rationalistic Wellhausen agrees with his more evangelical fellow-critics on this point, as shown in his article on "Israel" in Encyc.
Both of these, Moses treats at large. The space of years which he passes over in silence, is, if I may so speak, the interlude between the two acts of the great drama. To this out ward confusion corresponds the inward and spiritual aspect of the history. It is the period of reaction, and contradiction, and failure. It is chosen by Saint Paul 2 as the likeness of the corres ponding failures of the first efforts of the primitive Christian church; the one type of the Jewish history expressly mentioned by the w r riters of the New Testament.
In this view of the pivotal and typical character of the Israel ites halt at Kadesh 3 a peculiar interest attaches to every gleam of light on the place itself, and on the incidents having their centre there. It is possible that the rebellion of Ivorah and his company 4 occurred at Kadesh; 5 and that thus the attempt to wrest the priestly power from Aaron was made at the same place as the effort to take the civil government from the hands of his brother.
These things happened unto them for examples types in the original. This is the true meaning of the word ; and it is the only case in which it is applied in the New Testament to the Jewish history. On this point, see Critici Sucri, Pool s Synops. Forster Israel in Wild. It was certainly at Kadesh that Miriam died and was buried; 2 that the people murmured for water ; and that Moses struck the Rock, when he had been told only to speak to it, and the Lord caused it to give forth again its waters in abundance. It was from Kadesh-barnea that Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom, asking if the Israelites might pass through his country on their way to Canaan ; 6 and from the same point, also, a like request was made of the king of Moab.
Stanley 9 says, in reviewing the movements of the Israelites: This point is more fully treated farther on. See Index, under " Kadesh, names of. Not only does the name " Kadesh " " Holy " seem to have been gained by the abiding there of the tabernacle; but the cog- iiomeu " Barnea " is thought by many to have been given, in con sequence of the sentence of dispersion there passed upon the Is raelites. The exceptional importance of Kadesh-barnea, in its relation to the Israelitish wanderings, and to the Israelitish possessions and history, has long been recognized by students of the Bible story and of the lands of the Bible.
Ewald, 3 thorough and discriminating in his study of the main features of the Plebrcw story, despite the fancifulness of many of his theories, says emphatically: Z llilleru3 in the Onomast. Leusden in the Onomast Sac. Biinting in the Itin. Hitter and Moses , in his estimate of the exceptional importance of Kadesh in the Israelitish history.
It was there, as he sees it, that Moses laid the foundations of the Hebrew commonwealth, and prepared the way for "the nomads of the wilderness of Kadesh" to become the occupants and transformers of Canaan. It was during the sojourn of many years here that the organization of the nation, in any historical sense, took place. Thomson, 2 who is exceptionally familiar with the main corres pondences of the Land and the Book, does not hesitate to speak of Kadesh as "one of the most interesting sites in the entire history of the Hebrew wanderings.
Jordan concentrates so much interest as Kadesh. Lowrie, 2 the competent and careful American translator of Lange s Numbers, says, similarly: And William Smith, 5 whose extensive historical studies have involved a elose acquaintance with the geographical questions of the Israel- itish wanderings and possessions, concludes: Yet this " essen tial preliminary " has thus far been unattainable by Bible students generally. When the English Palestine Exploration Fund began its good work, in , one of the widely known geographers 6 of Great Britain, in expressing his hope of the good results of that undertaking, spoke of Kadesh, as " one of the most hotly contested sites iu biblical investigation, and the settlement of which is much.
Xor is it alone as a key to the geography of the wanderings, that the site of Kadesh has an importance in the field of biblical re search. Kadesh is the one place spoken of as "a city" in all the Israelitish encampments. For centuries before this it had been a landmark by which routes of travel were noted, and by which the location of other places had their bearing ; and for centuries afterward it was referred to as one of the chief boundary marks of the Land of Promise. It would, indeed, be strange if the Bible text on the one hand, and the explorations into the lands of the Bible on the other, gave no sure indications of a site so important as is Kadesh-barnea, in both its biblical and its geographical aspects and relations.
J From " Quarterly Statement," No. And now what are the indications in the Bible text of the site of Kadesh? What help to its locating is given in the earlier and later references to it in the sacred narrative? The first mention of Kadesh is in the record of the devastating march of " Chedorlaomer, king of Elam," in the days of the patriarch Abraham. From the Assyrian monuments it has been learned, that, not long before the days of Abraham, an Elamite king had conquered Babylon; 5 and the Bible record here.
Hist, of East, I. It was in the year B. The date, therefore, of the conquest of Babylon by Kedor-nakhunta, and the establishment of the Elamite dynasty in Chaldea, must have been B. Authorities differ slightly as to this precise date. Sir Henry Rawlinson suggested the identification of Kudur-Mabuk, lord of Elarn, mentioned on the Babylonian monuments, with the Kedor-la omer of Genesis.
Afterwards he was inclined to abandon this idea. But it has been taken lap by the Rev. Henry George Tomkins, and pressed with a strong show of probabilities in its favor. The latter quotes George Smith apparently from a private letter as saying: Compare Tomkins s Times of Abraham, pp. See, also, Bunsen s Chron. Rawlinson, in Eawlinson s Herodotus, Vol. See also, on this, Lenormant and Chevallier s Anc.
Hist, of East, II. An immediate gain of Kedor-la omer s then unparalleled scheme of conquest was the control of the one great highway of travel and. At a time when the kings of Egypt had never ventured beyond their borders, unless it were for a foray in Ethiopia, and when in Asia no monarch had held dominion over more than a few petty tribes, and a few hundred miles of terri tory, he conceived the magnificent notion of binding into one the manifold nations inhabiting the vast tract which lies between the Zagros mountain-range and the Mediterranean.
Lord by inheritance as we may presume of Elam and Chaldea or Babylonia, he was not content with these ample tracts, but, coveting more, proceeded boldly on a career of conquest up the Euphrates valley, and through Syria, into Palestine.
Regionalism in the Cowpastures
Successful here, he governed, for twelve years, dominions extending near a thousand miles from east to west, and from north to south probably not much short of five hundred. But both this and his victory had a higher meaning when viewed objectively and ia their bearing upon history. It is not the purpose of the narrative to exalt Abram, but to show the wonderful leadings of God towards his elect, by which everything is brought into immediate relation to the divine plan.
We have here a prelude of the future assault of the worldly power upon the kingdom of God established in Canaan ; and the impor tance of this event to sacred history consists in the fact, that the kings of the valley of the Jordan submitted to the worldly power, whilst Abram, on the contrary, with his home-born servants, smote the conquerors and rescued their booty a prophetic sign that in the conflict with the power of the world the seed of Abram would not only not be subdued, but would be able to rescue from destruction those who appealed to it for aid.
The building of the Suez Canal, in our own day, is but an effort to secure in another way what Kedor-la omer sought by the subjugation of the peoples and tribes on either side of the Jordan. And the keeping open of that highway continuing its control by his subjects and tributaries was vital to the supremacy of the great Eastern conqueror. It always formed comp. To have dominion over the whole of this important locality must have appeared of the greatest conse quence.
By this occupation Arabia in particular, with its choice productions comp. Babylonians and Elamites valued so highly. Doubtless many a rich caravan of Midianite merchantmen, with spicery and balm and myrrh [Gtu. It is in this campaign that Kadesh first appears in history. It is probable, indeed it may be said to be certain, that the route of Kedor-la omer toward Canaan was up along the eastern bank of the Euphrates to Syria, and thence down by Damascus; for this was the only practicable military road from Elam to Syria. The great Arabian desert was, and ever has been, impassable for such an army as his.
And he and his allies, as they went along this route, "smote the Rephaim in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham, and the Emim in the plain of Kiriathaim, and the Horites in their mount Seir, unto El-Paran, which is by the wilderness. A more recent and an admirable study of the same subject, in the light of later discoveries, is to be found in the Rev. The further march is in dicated in the biblical narrative, if we take for granted which we may well do that. It has been common to suppose that "El-Paran, which is by the wilderness," was Ailch, or "Eloth, on the shore [or, the lip ] of the Red Sea, in the land of Edom;" 2 because just there was a gateway of the great route between Arabia and Egypt and Syria.
On eloser examination, it cannot admit of a doubt that El-Paran is identical with. But Wilton The Negcb p. TIence it is fair to consider " El-Paran " as the grove, or oasis, which was the ex hibit and type of the strength of the wilderness. See Burton and Drake s Unexplored Syria note at p. And from the Wilderness of Paran " they returned ; " 5 that is, they went back northward ; but clearly not by the way they had come, for their work in Canaan was yet to be done.
They " came to En-mishpat, which is Kadesh, and smote all the country [the field] of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites that dwelt in. Bonar Desert of Sinai, p. Butm is shown by Robinson Bib. By a comparison of the authorities here quoted, it will be seen that this oasis of Nakhl has been variously understood as meaning the Castle of Palms, the Valley of Palms, the Castle of the Wady, and the Terebinth-Vale ; yet without any purpose, on the part of any traveler, of identifying its site with the Palm Grove, or Terebinth Plantation of Paran.
Any looking for traces of the ancient name in the later one is, however, quite apart from, or the geographical probabilities in favor of the oasis of Xakhl being the site of the oasis which was upon the Wilderness of Paran, and which was the southwesternmost stretch of the march of Kedor-la omer. The Hebrew word used here indicates an abrupt turn in another direction; not necessarily a return. The word is treated in a note farther on. Hazezon-tamar," " which is En-gedi," l near the west shore of the Dead Sea. All this was prior to a severe battle in the Yale of Siddim, or the Plain of the Dead Sea, 2 with the five kings of the Cities of the Plain.
The settlement of this question is an important step toward the locating of Kadesh. The choice of routes in that country was, and is, but limited. Robinson says 5 emphatically on this point: In consequence, no great route now leads, or ever has led, through this district ; but the roads from Akabah, which ascend from Wady el- Arabah and in any degree touch the high plateau of the desert south of el-Mukrah, must necessarily curve to the west, and passing around the base of Jebel Araif el-Nakah, continue along the western side of this mountainous tract. To have entered Canaan by way of any of the mountain passes at the west of the upper Arabah, would have been next to impos sible for such an army as Kedor-la omer s ; 6 especially if, as we.
The probability of an ancient road running diagonally across the Azazimeh moun tains from the Arabah, was suggested by Wilton The Negeb, p.
For the line of this diagonal road, see Zimmermann s Karte von Syr. Egyptian inscriptions antedate those of Chaldea and Assyria; but, as is indicated in the enterprise of Kedor-la omer, the East was clearly in advance of Egypt in the art and equipments of warfare. The earliest mention, on the monuments, of the horse in Egypt, is in the Inscription of Aahmes Ecc.
But the horse is here designated by its Semitic name "soos" Ebers s Pict. The chariot-driver is also known by the Semitic name " kazan" Brugsch, as above, I. Indeed, it is generally agreed by Egyptologists that "the horse had been introduced into Egypt by the Hykshos " some time before its first appearance on the monuments. See Ebers and Brugsch, as above ; Wilkinson s Anc. Hist, of East, pp.
Ebers even notes the Thir teenth Dynasty as the period of the introduction of the horse, although he proffers no direct proof of this fact Pict. Canon Cook Speaker s Com. Moreover, if Kedor-la omer had reached the shores of the Dead Sea from the south and east, he would have conic to the Vale of Siddim, " which is [or, is at] the Salt Sea," l and would there have given battle to the kings of the Pentapolis, without passing through the country or the field of the Amalekites, and the region of the Amorites, as the sacred narrative assures us was the case.
The conclusion is therefore well-nigh inevitable, that such an expedition as Kedor-la omer s into Canaan was not undertaken without this agency of warfare. Pietrenient Oriyines du Chcval Domestique p. That certainly was prior to Kedor-la omer s day. The strongest argu ments in favor of the northerly site are presented by Grove in Smith s Bible Dic tionary, under the various heads "Siddim, the Vale of," "Sea, the Salt," and " Sodom," and by Tristram, in his Land of Israel pp.
In favor of the former generally accepted site at the southern end of the Sea, the best presentation is made by Robinson, in his Biblical Researches II. But whichever view of this question be accepted, the argument con cerning Kedor-la omer s route remains the same. As Wolcott says on that point: The cities and their kings were in the deep valley below, whether north or south or opposite is wholly immaterial, as far as we can discover, in relation either to the previous route of conquest, or to the subsequent topographical sequence of the story.
As Amalek was a grand son of Esau Gen. The indications of the Scripture narrative, therefore, are, that Kedor-la omer s northward route from the Wilderness of Paran toward the Dead Sea included the great caravan route which passes up from the mid-desert by way of Beer-sheba ; the route which is spoken of as " the Way of Shur " or the road through Canaan to Egypt known as the Shur Road; ;! Tremellius and Junius, in their Genevan Bible, render this passage: Arabic historians elaim that there was an Amalek in the fifth generation from Noah, in the line of Ham ; and that his descendants were the early people of Canaan.
For references to this tradition, see Abulfeda s Hist. But the Arabic traditions have little or no value for the days of the Old Testament, save as they con form to that source of history. See a reference to Noldeke on this point in Speaker s Com. Indeed, what more probable halting-place would there be in this entire region for an invading army which came to take pos session of the great highways of travel, than the spot where all the roads from east, west, north, and south come together into a common trunk if such a place there be?
That there is a place answering to this description was first pointed out by Robinson, as already referred to, and his impressions have been verified by subsequent travelers. Coming from Sinai to Palestine by the east ern route "the Way of Mount Seir;" 1 or, the Mount Seir Road Robinson was enabled, after rounding Jebel Araeef en-Naqah, from the Wilderness of Paran, " to perceive the reason why all the roads leading across it [the desert] from Akabah, and from the convent [at Mount Sinai] to Hebron and Gaza, should meet together in one main trunk in the middle of the desert.
He would naturally halt there, and guard himself against surprises from flank or rear, and also reconnoitre in advance before moving forward to his main. In this immediate vicinity, therefore, " En- mishpat, which is Kadesh," l should be looked for, so far as we can judge from the Bible story of Kedor-la omer.
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- Attachment to place – Camden History Notes.
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This first mention of Kadesh refers to a period four centuries prior to the exodus. It is probable that the name " Kadesh " is here used by the writer of Genesis as the name by which the place was known after its occupancy by the tabernacle. An earlier name of this place might seem, from this text, to have been En- mishpat the Fountain of Judgment; 2 but even that name may have attached to it after formal judgment had been there passed on rebellious Israel, and on both Israel s leader and Israel s high- priest.
It is, at the best, only an inference from the name given it in its first Bible mention. Kadesh next appears in the Bible text as an apparently well- known landmark eastward, or possibly northward, as over against "Bered" and "Slmr" on the west, or south. Hagar had fled from the Hebron home of Abraham, down along the caravan road toward Egypt. She had rested by a prominent watering-place of that route " the fountain in the Way of Slmr. Slmr is subsequently referred to in the text as " before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria ; " 4 and again as " over against Egypt ; " 5 and as " even unto the land of Egypt.
Rashi s elaboration of the simple statement by Onkelos, with which Rashi disagrees, is cited by Grotius, and farther elaborated by the fanciful Ewald; to be adopted and re-elaborated by Stanley and others. The spot by which the angel of the Lord found Hagar was not merely a foun tain of water, as we read in our version, but a well-known spot, the spring of water in the wilderness the spring in the way of Shur.
With the face turned to the rising of the sun, before is east; behind [or " back side " Exod. On this subject of orientation see Michaelis s Disscrtatio de Locorum Differentia. Egyptian and Assyrian orientation differed, however, from the Hebrew. The only feasible highway from Egypt to Assyria, was and is, northward through Syria, and thence southeasterly through Mesopotamia ; never across the trackless Arabian desert.
A favorite identification of Shur has been in a range of moun tains a little to the eastward from the Gulf of Suez, having the appearance of a wall, and bearing the name Jcbcl er-llahah, being in fact the northwestern end, or extension, of Jebel et-Teeh.
There seems bardly room for doubt on this point. The physical structure of the region, and all history, biblical and extra-biblical, tends to its proof. It means, as is most probable, that a traveler from Judea to Assyria would descend the Araba [! If the trav eler cross the Jordan on his way to Assyria, this reference to Shur and Egypt is iin- intclligible. Hence probably arose the name of the "Wilderness of Shur Exod. Holland, in TJie Recovery of Jerusalem, p. This view is accepted by Porter, in Alexander s Kitto, Art.
Rowlands reports the name "Jebel es-Sur" as still given by the Arabs to this mountain range see Williams s Holy City, p. He is followed in this by Wilton The Negcb, p.
A " wall," better meeting the requirements of the text than this mountain range, is to be looked for ; nor will a search for it be in vain. The earliest discovered mention of this Wall is in an ancient papyrus of the Twelfth Dynasty of the old 3 Egyptian empire,. Yet this mountain may take its name from the wilderness, instead of giving a name to it, if in fact the name is to be found there.
Pool Smith- Hackett Bib. Lepsius, Bunsen, Ebers, Chabas and others speak of all the dynasties which preceded the Ilykshos kings, as the Old Empire. This papyru-s gives the story of Sineh, or Saneha, an Egyptian traveler into the lands eastward from Egypt. As he journeyed, he came to the frontier AVall " which the king had made to keep off the Sakti," or eastern for eigners. It was a elosely guarded barrier. There were " watchers upon the Wall in daily rotation. Chabas 3 understands the term "Anbu," which is here rendered the Wall, and which is of frequent recurrence in the Egyptian records, to refer to a defensive Wall 4 built across the eastern front of Lower Egypt by the first king of the Twelfth Dynasty Amenemhat I.
And Ebers 5 coincides fully with Chabas in this understanding. Again in one of the Anastasi Papyri, of the Nineteenth Dynasty, preserved in the British Museum, this Wall is mentioned in the report from a scribe of an effort to re-capture two fugitive slaves who had fled towards the eastern desert ; and who, before he could. Birch, Brugsch, Rawlinson, Marietta, and others, put the beginning of the Middle Empire at an earlier period than the Ilykshos domination. See also Brugseh s Hist, of Egypt, I. The papyrus itself is given in fac-simile in Lepsius s Denkmillcr, Abth. The Hebrews likewise rendered the meaning of the Egyptian name by a translation, designating the military post on the Egyp tian frontier by the name of Shur, which in their language signifies exactly the same as the word Anbn in Egyptian, and the word Gerrhon in Greek, namely the Wall.
That the "Wall" of the Egyptian frontier was not limited to a single small fortress near the Lake Serbonis, as would seem to be intimated in this explanation by Brugsch, is apparent from his own History, while it is also abundantly evidenced from various other sources. And Brugsch finds also the plural form "Gerrha," in the Greek.
A reference to Brugsch s Dictionnaire Geograpltique p. As to the period of the original building of this frontier "Wall, and as to its precise limits, there has been much confusion among historians; far more than as to the existence of the "Wall itself. Diodorus Siculus, writing, nineteen centuries ago, of the wonderful exploits of Scsoosis, or Sesostris who seems to have been a com position-hero, made up of the facts and legends of the greater Egyptian sovereigns from the earlier to the later days , records that that king "walled the side of Egypt that inclines eastward against Syria and Arabia, from Pelusium to Heliopolis, the length being about fifteen hundred stadia;" 2 say one hundred and eighty- four English miles.
Abulfeda, 3 early in the fourteenth century, gave the Arabic traditions of the building of the Great "Wall of Egypt. It is noteworthy that the Arabic word here used for Wall is " Sura," 4 an equivalent of the Hebrew " Shur. From the statement of Diodorus, the Wall would seem to have run from Pelusium to Heliopolis; and this statement has been accepted by most of the modern historians of Egypt. Graetz 2 and Rawlinson 3 also accept the Wall limits as given by Diodorus. But Abnlfeda extends the line of Wall very greatly, and Wilkinson seems inclined to a similar view, which he would sustain out of the facts of his own observing.
It was not confined to Lower Egypt, or to the east of the Delta from Pelusium to Heliopolis, but continued to the Ethiopian frontier at Syene ; and though the increase of the alluvial deposit has almost concealed it in the low lands overflowed during the inundation of the waters of the Xile, it is traced in many of the higher parts, especially when founded upon the rocky eminences bordering the river. The modern Egyptians have several idle legends respecting this Wail, some of which ascribe it to a king, or rather to a queen, anxious to prevent an obnoxious stranger from intruding on the retirement of her beautiful daughter: Sharpe, 6 on the other hand, referring to Procopius, tells of the remains " of the Roman Watt" built in the days of Diocletian as.
See also his Eyypt and Tlicbcs, p. And it is certainly not un fair to suppose that different portions of the Egyptian border were walled at different times against different enemies, and that the remains of any and all of these different walls are liable to be con nected in the minds of the Arabs, and even in the minds of intelligent discoverers, with the traditions and history of the Great Wall which was " before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria.
Certainly if one were to judge of the natural probabilities of the case, a AVall of this kind built for the protection of Egypt against Eastern invaders would run from the Mediterranean say at Pelusium, or east of it to what we now call the Gulf of Suez, rather than directly to a point as far westward as Heliopolis. But the distance named by Diodorus as the length of the Wall is great enough to admit of a wall from Pelusium to the Gulf of Suez across the Isthmus , and thence onward to Heliopolis ; in other words, from Pelusium to Heliopolis, by way of the Gulf.
Such a line would doubly fortify the Egyptian frontier. Inasmuch as the Great Canal, 2 built, like the Great Wall, by the ambiguous Sesostris, 3 had its eastern entrance into the Gulf of Suez, with a. Such a reflection on the engineering ability and the military foresight of a people like the ancient Egyptians, is not to be seriously thought of. The Great Wall must have touched the head of the Heroopolitan Gulf at the eastward of the Great Canal, in whatsoever direction it may have run after that. As to the confusion concerning the period of the original build ing of the Wall, a plausible explanation at once suggests itself.
At least as early as the Twelfth Dynasty prior to the Hykshos domination this Wall was erected to guard against incursions from the East. But, during the Hykshos supremacy it was prob ably leveled to the ground, or suffered to fall into disuse and decay ; because it was in the direction of the friends rather than the foes of the ruling power of Egypt. The rebuilding of the Wall would, as a matter of course, be elaimed as its original building. That was the way of Egyptian kings. Another element of confusion, which is also an added explana tion of the twofold origin of the Wall, is found in the ambiguity.
See Brugsch s Hist, of Egypt, I. Mauetho gives the name of " Sesostris," as a king in the Twelfth Dynasty ; l yet the Sesostris referred to by Diodorus, and by Greek historians before and after him, has been commonly understood to be Rameses II. Birch 2 and Brugsch 3 would identify Rameses II. Lenormant 5 thinks that the story of Sesostris was a growth rather than a history, a traditional composition rather than an individual character ; that " a legend gradually formed in the course of ages, attributing to one person all the exploits of the conquerors and warlike princes of Egypt, both of Thothmes and Seti, as well as of the various Rameses, and magnifying these exploits by extending them to every known country, as legends always do.
Of the first named of these two kings, Bunsen says: In view of all this confusion over the per sonality and the period of the hero Sesostris, it cannot be deemed strange that such undertakings as the Great Wall and the Great Canal should be credited to Setce I. But apart from all seeming or real discrepancies concerning the date of its building, or the precise direction and extent of its line, the Great Wall itself is an indisputable, positive fact.
And that its northern terminus was at or near Pelusium seems equally clear. Xor is it unlikely that the northernmost flank-fortress of this Wall was known as the Wall-fortress, by pre-eminence in that direc tion. Thus Ptolemy 2 makes mention of " Gerrhon horion " 3.