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The Harivamsa consists of the final two of the sub-parvas, and was considered an appendix khila to the Mahabharata proper by the redactors of the 18 parvas. According to what one character says at Mbh.

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These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The Vasu version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa. The astika version would add the sarpasattra and ashvamedha material from Brahmanical. The redactors of these additions were probably Pancharatrin scholars who according to Oberlies likely retained control over the text until its final redaction.

Mention of the Huna in the Bhishma-parva however appears to imply that this parva may have been edited around the 4th century[citation needed]. The snake sacrifice of Janamejaya The Adi-parva includes the snake sacrifice sarpasattra of Janamejaya, explaining its motivation, detailing why all snakes in existence were intended to be destroyed, and why in spite of this, there are still snakes in existence.

Full text of "THE SRAUTASUTRA OF APASTAMBA"

This sarpasattra material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the Mahabharata by "thematic attraction" Minkowski , and considered to have a particularly close connection to Vedic Brahmana literature. The Panchavimsha Brahmana at Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense "tragic force", but dismissed the full text as a "horrible chaos.

Moritz Winternitz Geschichte der indischen Literatur considered that "only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes" could have lumped the various parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole. The earliest known references to the Mahabharata and its core Bharata date back to the Ashtadhyayi sutra 6. This may suggest that the core 24, verses, known as the Bharata, as well as an early version of the extended Mahabharata, were composed by the 4th century BCE.

A report by the Greek writer Dio Chrysostom c. However, scholars have, in general, taken this as evidence for the existence of a Mahabharata at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the Iliad. For instance, Abhijnashkuntala by the renowned Sanskrit poet Klidsa c. Urubhanga, a Sanskrit play written by Bhsa who is believed to have lived before Klidsa, is based on the slaying of Duryodhana by the splitting of his thighs by Bhima.

The copper-plate inscription of the Maharaja Sharvanatha CE from Khoh Satna District, Madhya Pradesh describes the Mahabharata as a "collection of , verses" shatasahasri samhita.

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How the Mahabharata came to be narrated by Sauti to the assembled rishis at Naimisharanya, after having been recited at the sarpasattra of Janamejaya by Adi Parva The Book of Vaishampayana at Takail. The history and genealogy the Beginning of the Bharata and Bhrigu races is recalled, as is the birth and early life of the Kuru princes. Life at the court, Yudhishthira's Rajasuya of the Assembly Hall Yajna, the game of dice, and the eventual exile of the Pandavas. Vana Parva also Aranyaka-parva, The twelve years of exile in the forest aranya.

The first part of the great battle, with Bhishma as Bhishma Parva The commander for the Kauravas and his fall on the bed of 6 Book of Bhishma arrows. Includes the Bhagavad Gita in chapters 25[22] This is Drona Parva The Book 7 the major book of the war. Most of the great warriors on of Drona both sides are dead by the end of this book.

Also told in detail is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the Shalya Parva The Book fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between 9 of Shalya Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war, since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace. Only 7 warriors remain on Warriors the Pandava side and 3 on the Kaurava side.

The crowning of Yudhisthira as king of Hastinapura, and Shanti Parva The Book instructions from Bhishma for the newly anointed king 12 of Peace on society, economics and politics.

Vedic River Sarasvati Hindu Civilization

This is the longest book of the Mahabharata shanti means peace. Anushasana Parva The 13 The final instructions anushasana from Bhishma. The world conquest Sacrifice [24] by Arjuna. The Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna. The eventual deaths of Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Ashramavasika Parva Kunti in a forest fire when they are living in a hermitage 15 The Book of the in the Himalayas.

Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya Hermitage on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas. Mausala Parva The The infighting between the Yadavas with maces 16 96 Book of the Clubs mausala and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas.

Mahábharata

The great journey of Yudhisthira and his brothers across Mahaprasthanika Parva the whole country and finally their ascent of the great 17 The Book of the Great 97 Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Journey Yudhisthira. Svargarohana Parva Yudhisthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to 18 The Book of the Ascent 98 the spiritual world svarga. Puranic literature presents genealogical lists associated with the Mahabharata narrative. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds. Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were or years between the birth of Parikshit Arjuna's grandson and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda, commonly dated to BCE, which would yield an estimate of about BCE for the Bharata battle.

Pargiter accordingly estimated 26 generations by averaging 10 different dynastic lists and, assuming 18 years for the average duration of a reign, arrived at an estimate of BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately BCE for the Bharata battle. Lal used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic. Attempts to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimates ranging from the late 4th to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.

Ganesa writing the Mahabharat The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura, the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the Kaurava and the Pandava. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family, Duryodhana, the eldest Kaurava, is younger than Yudhisthira, the eldest Pandava. Both Duryodhana and Yudhisthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne. The struggle culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra, in which the Pandavas are ultimately victorious.

The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship, instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right, as well as the converse. The Mahabharata itself ends with the death of Krishna, and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of Kali Kali Yuga , the fourth and final age of mankind, in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled, and man is heading toward the complete dissolution of right action, morality and virtue. Arshia Sattar states that the central theme of the Mahabharata, as well as the Ramayana, is respectively Krishna's and Rama's hidden divinity and its progressive revelation.

Shantanu woos Satyavati, the fisherwoman. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma. King Janamejaya's ancestor Shantanu, the king of Hastinapura, has a short-lived marriage with the goddess Ganga and has a son, Devavrata later to be called Bhishma, a great warrior , who becomes the heir apparent. Many years later, when King Shantanu goes hunting, he sees Satyavati, the daughter of the chief of fisherman, and asks her father for her hand. Her father refuses to consent to the marriage unless Shantanu promises to make any future son of Satyavati the king upon his death.


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To resolve his father's dilemma, Devavrata agrees to relinquish his right to the throne. As the fisherman is not sure about the prince's children honouring the promise, Devavrata also takes a vow of lifelong celibacy to guarantee his father's promise. Shantanu has two sons by Satyavati, Chitrngada and Vichitravirya. Upon Shantanu's death, Chitrangada becomes king. He lives a very short uneventful life and dies. Vichitravirya, the younger son, rules Hastinapura.

Meanwhile, the King of K arranges a swayamvara for his three daughters, neglecting to invite the royal family of Hastinapur. In order to arrange the marriage of young Vichitravirya, Bhishma attends the swayamvara of the three princesses Amba, Ambika and Ambalika, uninvited, and proceeds to abduct them. Ambika and Ambalika consent to be married to Vichitravirya. The oldest princess Amba, however, informs Bhishma that she wishes to marry king of Shalva whom Bhishma defeated at their swayamvara. Bhishma lets her leave to marry king of Shalva, but Shalva refuses to marry her, still smarting at his humiliation at the hands of Bhishma.

Amba then returns to marry Bhishma but he refuses due to his vow of celibacy. Amba becomes enraged and becomes Bhishma's bitter enemy, holding him responsible for her plight. Later she is reborn to King Drupada as Shikhandi or Shikhandini and causes Bhishma's fall, with the help of Arjuna, in the battle of Kurukshetra. Draupadi with her five husbands - the Pandavas.

The central figure is Yudhishthira; the two on the bottom are Bhima and Arjuna. Nakula and Sahadeva, the twins, are standing. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma, c. When Vichitravirya dies young without any heirs, Satyavati asks her first son Vyasa to father children with the widows. The eldest, Ambika, shuts her eyes when she sees him, and so her son Dhritarashtra is born blind. Ambalika turns pale and bloodless upon seeing him, and thus her son Pandu is born pale and unhealthy the term Pandu may also mean 'jaundiced'[35].

Due to the physical challenges of the first two children, Satyavati asks Vyasa to try once again.


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    7. However, Ambika and Ambalika send their maid instead, to Vyasa's room. Vyasa fathers a third son, Vidura, by the maid. He is born healthy and grows up to be one of the wisest characters in the Mahabharata. When the princes grow up, Dhritarashtra is about to be crowned king by Bhishma when Vidura intervenes and uses his knowledge of politics to assert that a blind person cannot be king.