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BOOK REVIEW. AIDS, South Africa, and the politics of knowledge, by Jeremy R. Youde, Ashgate This book focuses on the interaction between public health, specifically HIV/AIDS these communities influence international policy-making.
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Also, as the impact of the epidemic on households grows more severe, market demand for products and services can fall. The biggest increase in deaths AIDS is hitting adults in their most economically productive years and removing the very people who could be responding to the crisis. As access to treatment is slowly expanded throughout the continent, millions of lives are being extended and hope is being given to people who previously had none.

Unfortunately though, the majority of people in need of treatment are still not receiving it, and campaigns to prevent new infections The earliest known cases of human HIV infection were in western equatorial Africa, probably in southeast Cameroon where groups of the central common chimpanzee live. Current hypotheses also include that, once the virus jumped from chimpanzees or other apes to humans, the colonial medical practices of the 20th century helped HIV become established in human populations by The hunters then became infected with HIV and passed on the disease to other humans through bodily fluid contamination.

This theory is known as the "Bushmeat theory".

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HIV made the leap from rural isolation to rapid urban transmission as a result of urbanization that occurred during the 20th century. One of the most formative explanations is the poverty that dramatically impacts the daily lives of Africans. Researchers believe HIV was gradually spread by river travel. Trade along the rivers could have spread the virus, which built up slowly in the human population.

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By the s, about 2, people in Africa may have had HIV, [15] including people in Kinshasa whose tissue samples from and have been preserved and studied retrospectively. The virus multiplies in the body until it causes immune system damage, leading to diseases of the AIDS syndrome. In the s it spread across the globe until it became a pandemic. Some areas of the world were already significantly impacted by AIDS, while in others the epidemic was just beginning. The virus is transmitted by bodily fluid contact including the exchange of sexual fluids, by blood, from mother to child in the womb, and during delivery or breastfeeding.

Then in and , heterosexual Africans also were diagnosed. In the late s, international development agencies regarded AIDS control as a technical medical problem rather than one involving all areas of economic and social life. Because public health authorities perceived AIDS to be an urban phenomenon associated with prostitution, they believed that the majority of Africans who lived in "traditional" rural areas would be spared.

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They believed that the heterosexual epidemic could be contained by focusing prevention efforts on persuading the so-called core transmitters—people such as sex workers and truck drivers, known to have multiple sex partners—to use condoms. These factors retarded prevention campaigns in many countries for more than a decade. Although many governments in Sub-saharan Africa denied that there was a problem for years, they have now begun to work toward solutions. AIDS was at first considered a disease of gay men and drug addicts, but in Africa it took off among the general population.

As a result, those involved in the fight against HIV began to emphasize aspects such as preventing transmission from mother to child, or the relationship between HIV and poverty, inequality of the sexes, and so on, rather than emphasizing the need to prevent transmission by unsafe sexual practices or drug injection. This change in emphasis resulted in more funding, but was not effective in preventing a drastic rise in HIV prevalence.

Almost 1 million of those patients were treated in Additionally, the number of AIDS-related deaths in in both Africa as a whole and Sub-Saharan Africa alone was 32 percent less than the number in Many activists have drawn attention to stigmatization of those testing as HIV positive.

This is due to many factors such as a lack of understanding of the disease, lack of access to treatment, the media, knowing that AIDS is incurable, and prejudices brought on by a cultures beliefs.


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The belief that only homosexuals could contract the diseases was later debunked as the number of heterosexual couples living with HIV increased. Unfortunately there were other rumors being spread by elders in Cameroon. They also claimed if a man was infected as a result of having sexual contact with a Fulani woman, only a Fulani healer could treat him". Because of this belief that men can only get HIV from women many "women are not free to speak of their HIV status to their partners for fear of violence".

Unfortunately This stigma makes it very challenging for Sub-Saharan Africans to share that they have HIV because they are afraid of being an outcast from their friends and family. The common belief is that once you have HIV you are destined to die. People seclude themselves based on these beliefs. They don't tell their family and live with guilt and fear because of HIV.

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This group of individuals under fear of suspicion may avoid being mistakingly identified as stigmatized by simply avoiding HARHS utilization. The rewards of being considered normal' in the context of high-HIV-prevalence Sub-Saharan Africa are varied and great Other potential rewards of being considered normal include avoidance of being associated with promiscuity or prostitution, avoidance of emotional, social and physical isolation and avoidance of being blamed for others' illness" Using different prevention strategies in combination is not a new idea.

Combination prevention reflects common sense, yet it is striking how seldom the approach has been put into practice. Prevention efforts to date have overwhelmingly focused on reducing individual risk, with fewer efforts made to address societal factors that increase vulnerability to HIV. UNAIDS' combination prevention framework puts structural interventions—including programmes to promote human rights, to remove punitive laws that block the AIDS response, and to combat gender inequality and HIV related stigma and discrimination—at the centre of the HIV prevention agenda.

Most new infections were coming from people in long-term relationships who had multiple sexual partners. The abstinence, be faithful, use a condom ABC strategy to prevent HIV infection promotes safer sexual behavior and emphasizes the need for fidelity, fewer sexual partners, and a later age of sexual debut.

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The implementation of ABC differs among those who use it. For example, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief has focused more on abstinence and fidelity than condoms [30] while Uganda has had a more balanced approach to the three elements. The effectiveness of ABC is controversial. In Botswana ,. People who had talked to the counselors were twice as likely to mention abstinence and three times as likely to mention condom use when asked to describe ways to avoid infection.


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However, they were no more likely than the uncounseled to mention being faithful as a good strategy. The people who had been counseled were also twice as likely to have been tested for HIV in the previous year, and to have discussed that possibility with a sex partner. However, they were just as likely to have a partner outside marriage as the people who had not gotten a visit from a counselor, and they were no more likely to be using a condom in those liaisons. There was a somewhat different result in a study of young Nigerians, ages 15 to 24, most unmarried, living in the city and working in semiskilled jobs.

People in specific neighborhoods were counseled with an ABC message as part of a seven-year project funded by the U. Agency for International Development and its British counterpart. The uncounseled group showed no increase in condom use—it stayed about 55 percent. In the counseled group, however, condom use by women in their last nonmarital sexual encounter rose from 54 percent to 69 percent. For men, it rose from 64 percent to 75 percent.

Stigmatizing attitudes appeared to be less common among the counseled group. A survey of 1, Kenyan teenagers found a fair amount of confusion about ABC's messages. Half of the teenagers could correctly define abstinence and explain why it was important. Only 23 percent could explain what being faithful meant and why it was important. Some thought it meant being honest, and some thought it meant having faith in the fidelity of one's partner.

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Only 13 percent could correctly explain the importance of a condom in preventing HIV infection. About half spontaneously offered negative opinions about condoms, saying they were unreliable, immoral and, in some cases, were designed to let HIV be transmitted. Eswatini in announced that it was abandoning the ABC strategy because it was a dismal failure in preventing the spread of HIV. In , the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation provided major funding for the loveLife website , an online sexual health and relationship resource for teenagers.

The TeachAIDS prevention software, developed at Stanford University , was distributed to every primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age nationwide. The solutions are organized around three strategic pillars: diversified financing; access to medicines; and enhanced health governance.

The Roadmap defines goals, results and roles and responsibilities to hold stakeholders accountable for the realization of these solutions between and Chief among these are the traditionally liberal attitudes espoused by many communities inhabiting the subcontinent toward multiple sexual partners and pre-marital and outside marriage sexual activity. In most of the developed world outside Africa, this means HIV transmission is high among prostitutes and other people who may have more than one sexual partner concurrently.

Within the cultures of sub-Saharan Africa, it is relatively common for both men and women to be carrying on sexual relations with more than one person, which promotes HIV transmission. When infected, most children die within one year because of the lack of treatment.