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Grendler believed marked "the turning-point for the freedom of enquiry in the Catholic world". After less than a year, it was replaced by the Tridentine Index which relaxed aspects of the Pauline Index that had been criticized and had prevented its acceptance. This index condemned religious texts, readings of romance, and graded authors based off their degree of toxicity. Such books included works by astronomers, such as Johannes Kepler 's Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae which was on the Index from to , by philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason and editions and translations of the Bible that had not been approved.

Editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling, and pre-emptive censorship of books. The canon law of the Latin Church still recommends that works should be submitted to the judgment of the local ordinary if they concern sacred Scripture, theology, canon law, or church history, religion or morals. Some of the scientific theories contained in works in early editions of the Index have long been taught at Catholic universities.


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For example, the general prohibition of books advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index in , but two Franciscan mathematicians had published an edition of Isaac Newton 's Principia Mathematica in , with commentaries and a preface stating that the work assumed heliocentrism and could not be explained without it. The historical context in which the Index appeared involved the early restrictions on printing in Europe.

The refinement of moveable type and the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around changed the nature of book publishing, and the mechanism by which information could be disseminated to the public.

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In the 16th century, both the churches and governments in most European countries attempted to regulate and control printing because it allowed for rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information. The Protestant Reformation generated large quantities of polemical new writing by and within both the Catholic and Protestant camps, and religious subject-matter was typically the area most subject to control.

While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As a consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books. The early versions of the Index began to appear from to In the same time frame, in the English Crown aimed to stem the flow of dissent by chartering the Stationers' Company.

The right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the city of London , which had between them 53 printing presses. The French crown also tightly controlled printing, and the printer and writer Etienne Dolet was burned at the stake for atheism in The Copyright Act in Britain, and later copyright laws in France, eased this situation.

By mid-century, in the tense atmosphere of wars of religion in Germany and France, both Protestant and Catholic authorities reasoned that only control of the press, including a catalog of prohibited works, coordinated by ecclesiastic and governmental authorities could prevent the spread of heresy. Paul F. Grendler discusses the religious and political climate in Venice from — There were many attempts to censor the Venetian press, which was one of the largest concentrations of printers at that time.

Both church and government held to a belief in censorship, but the publishers continually pushed back on the efforts to ban books and shut down printing. More than once the index of banned books in Venice was suppressed or suspended because various people took a stand against it. The first Roman Index was printed in under the direction of Pope Paul IV — , but then withdrawn for unclear reasons.

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In , a special congregation was created, the Sacred Congregation of the Index , which had the specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in Rome as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of required corrections in case a writing was not to be condemned absolutely but only in need of correction; it was then listed with a mitigating clause e. Several times a year, the congregation held meetings. During the meetings, they reviewed various works and documented those discussions. In between the meetings was when the works to be discussed were thoroughly examined, and each work was scrutinized by two people.

At the meetings, they collectively decided whether or not the works should be included in the Index. Ultimately, the pope was the one who had to approve of works being added or removed from the Index. It was the documentation from the meetings of the congregation that aided the pope in making his decision. This sometimes resulted in very long lists of corrections, published in the Index Expurgatorius , which was cited by Thomas James in as "an invaluable reference work to be used by the curators of the Bodleian library when listing those works particularly worthy of collecting".

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From onward, the Holy Office again took care of the Index. While individual books continued to be forbidden, the last edition of the Index to be published appeared in This 20th [32] edition contained 4, titles censored for various reasons: heresy , moral deficiency, sexual explicitness, and so on. That some atheists , such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche , were not included was due to the general Tridentine rule that heretical works i. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to denounce them.

This question was put to Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani , pro-prefect of the congregation, who responded in the negative. A June Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith notification announced that, while the Index maintained its moral force, in that it taught Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of those writings that could endanger faith and morality, it no longer had the force of ecclesiastical positive law with the associated penalties.

The Index was not simply a reactive work.


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    • Roman Catholic authors had the opportunity to defend their writings and could prepare a new edition with necessary corrections or deletions, either to avoid or to limit a ban. Pre-publication censorship was encouraged. The Index was enforceable within the Papal States , but elsewhere only if adopted by the civil powers, as happened in several Italian states. In the Holy Roman Empire book censorship, which preceded publication of the Index , came under control of the Jesuits at the end of the 16th century, but had little effect, since the German princes within the empire set up their own systems.

    On 14 June , the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded to inquiries it had received regarding the continued moral obligation concerning books that had been listed in the Index. The response spoke of the books as examples of books dangerous to faith and morals, all of which, not just those once included in the Index, should be avoided regardless of the absence of any written law against them.

    The Index, it said, retains its moral force "inasmuch as" quatenus it teaches the conscience of Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of writings that can endanger faith and morals, but it the Index of Forbidden Books no longer has the force of ecclesiastical law with the associated censures. The congregation thus placed on the conscience of the individual Christian the responsibility to avoid all writings dangerous to faith and morals, while at the same time abolishing the previously existing ecclesiastical law and the relative censures, [44] without thereby declaring that the books that had once been listed in the various editions of the Index of Prohibited Books had become free of error and danger.

    In a letter of 31 January to Cardinal Giuseppe Siri , regarding the book The Poem of the Man-God , Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger then Prefect of the Congregation, who later became Pope Benedict XVI , referred to the notification of the Congregation as follows: "After the dissolution of the Index, when some people thought the printing and distribution of the work was permitted, people were reminded again in L'Osservatore Romano 15 June that, as was published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , the Index retains its moral force despite its dissolution.

    A decision against distributing and recommending a work, which has not been condemned lightly, may be reversed, but only after profound changes that neutralize the harm which such a publication could bring forth among the ordinary faithful. The content of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum saw deletions as well as additions over the centuries. Writings by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati were placed on the Index in but were removed by , and Pope John Paul II mentioned Rosmini's work as a significant example of "a process of philosophical enquiry which was enriched by engaging the data of faith".

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    In many cases, an author's opera omnia complete works were forbidden. However, the Index stated that the prohibition of someone's opera omnia did not preclude works that were not concerned with religion and were not forbidden by the general rules of the Index. This explanation was omitted in the edition, which was officially interpreted in as meaning that opera omnia covered all the author's works without exception.

    It's important to note that if you click on the bookshelf more than twice, you will NOT be able to hit the wall to create an entrance. A group of stout men in masks and scale mail has made a request. They are most likely the members of a dragon faith group. One of their former comrades had completed some taboo research. After that man had been dealt with, someone absconded with his research documents. These men have a source which told them that the documents are in a hidden office belonging to one of the leaders of the magic religion Morneon.

    They don't want Morneon misusing the forbidden text, but they've been unable to find the documents.

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    There must be some mechanism hiding everything. Find and disable the mechanism to locate the hidden office holding those documents. Last Edited: 20 Mar am.


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