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Editorial Reviews. About the Author. Rowena Strittmatter grew up in Ripon, Yorkshire. Married with three children she now lives in Southern Germany. She has.
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Retrieved 18 August Bibcode : Natur. The New York Times. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May Retrieved 4 January Richard Dawkins. Bibliography Political views. Growing Up in the Universe Dawkins vs. Book Category. Books portal Evolutionary biology portal. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history.
Our Ancestors | Rowena Strittmatter
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. A Devil's Chaplain. Part of the Biology series on.
Cladistics Ecological genetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary development Evolutionary psychology Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Population genetics Systematics. Neolithic Revolution. Great Leap Forward. All Humankind. The Tasmanian 's Tale illustrates the identical ancestors point starting from which all living people trace exactly the same set of ancestors back in time. The story ends with a speculation that the ABO blood group system in humans and chimps are examples of trans-specific polymorphism; a type-B human may actually be more closely related to type-B chimp than type-B human is related to type-A human, from the perspective of the genes or alleles responsible for the antigens.
The Handyman's Tale explains how Homo habilis acquired high ' brain to body mass ratio ', at the same time introducing logarithmic scale and scatterplot as tools for scientific studies. Little Foot 's Tale examines how hominid first learned to walk on two legs.
Chimpanzees Pan.
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Human pilgrims join their evolutionary cousins, chimpanzees and bonobos. See also Chimpanzee—human last common ancestor. The Gorilla's Tale considers human's changing attitude towards the great apes , ending with a discussion on racism, speciesism and the Great Ape Project.
See also Gorilla—human last common ancestor. Orangutans Pongo.
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The Orangutan's Tale introduces the principle of parsimony and its use in construction of family tree cladogram of species. Orangutan is the last of the great apes to join the pilgrimage. See also Orangutan—human last common ancestor. Gibbons Hylobatidae. The Gibbon's Tale further elaborates on neighbor-joining , parsimony and textual criticism techniques used to construct cladograms.
When the simple principle of parsimony proves inadequate to handle ' long branch attraction ' problems caused by convergence. The phylogenetic tree and computational phylogenetic methods such as maximum likelihood analysis are introduced. The tale ends with yet another example of trans-specific polymorphism: sexual dimorphism ; the male testis-determining factor gene SRY has never been in a female body, at least since long before gibbons and humans diverged.
This serves to highlight the fact that different phylogenetic trees can be created by tracing different sets of genes; the one mainstream 'species tree' is nothing more than a summary of multitude of gene trees, a 'majority vote' among gene trees.
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Gibbon is the last ape to join the pilgrimage. See also Gibbon—human last common ancestor. Old World Monkeys Cercopithecidae. Old World monkeys, being in the same Catarrhini clade as apes, are closer cousins to apes than to New World monkeys. Old World monkeys are sometimes called the 'tailed apes'. It is not known if the actual common ancestor had a tail or not. New World Monkeys Platyrrhini.
The Howler Monkey 's Tale is a story of how gene duplication of genes can create new genes. Over time, these duplicates mutate and drift. Mammals were nocturnal when dinosaurs existed in this world and were dichromatic but humans are trichromatic. Trichromatic genes originated from duplication of the opsin gene. Trichromatic vision helps to detect food and more succulent leaves so over time New and Old world monkeys gained this type of vision through chromosomal translocation. New World monkeys 1st attained trichromacy in the female population by making green and red alleles for the same locus for the opsin gene on the X-chromosome , an example of polymorphism.
An example of heterozygote advantage is that the males who have only 1 copy of the X-chromosome, remained dichromats with either a green or a red opsin. Howler monkeys are a type of New World monkey who took it one step further and achieved trichromacy for both sexes by its X-chromosome which obtained 2 loci for both the green and the red allele.
Nocturnal animal with very large eyes. Unlike other nocturnal mammals the eyes do not have a tapetum lucidum which reflects light from the back of the eye for a second exposure on the retina to maximize light capture. The ancestor of the tarsier was a diurnal animal which lost the tapetum lucidum to prevent images from reflected light. Update from the first edition is that the earliest fossil Archicebus was discovered in China. An artist's reconstruction of Archicebus achilles. Lemurs and Bushbabies. The pilgrimage meets with the rest of the strepsirrhine cousins: the lemurs, pottos , bushbabies, and lorises.
The Aye-Aye 's Tale showcases the strange lemurs which are only found on the island of Madagascar. Madagascar was originally part of the Gondwana super-continent which included present Africa continent and Indian subcontinent. Gondwana broke off into drifting blocks of land, some of which became Africa, India and Madagascar. As an estranged island, Madagascar became a speciation hotbed. A small founding population of strepsirrhine primates diversified into all niches of the ecosystem, in the absence of monkeys.
The mass extinction event made it possible for many different species of shrew-like , nocturnal insectivores to evolve to fill the new ecological voids. Tree shrews look like squirrels but are not rodents. The first edition had 9 and 10 as one connection and this is open to future discovery as there are conflicting studies. This is similar to the Gibbon's Tale.
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Rodents and Rabbitkind Glires , Supraprimates or euarchontoglires. Rodents make up more than all the other mammals by individuals and have been carried to every corner of the earth. The large connections coming in are dormice , pikas , squirrels. The Mouse's Tale talks about the close similarity between humans and mice and that we both share about 20, genes. The phenotypic difference comes from the study of epigenetics which is the expression of the DNA.
The genome is not a blueprint where the more complex the animal, the more complex the blueprint ought to be. It is more like language where the same language can create different books. A beaver's body is a phenotype. Like that, a beaver dam is an 'extended phenotypes' of the same beaver genes.
Better beaver genes make better beaver bodies, beaver dams and beaver lakes. An extremely diverse group of species join here, including Carnivora dogs, cats, bears and seals , Perissodactyla horses, zebras , tapirs and rhinos , Cetartiodactyla deer , giraffes, cattle, pigs and hippos , Chiroptera bats , Insectivora moles and shrews , etc. They are grouped together based on similar gene sequences and have no common anatomical features.
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The name comes from the thought that these mammals evolved on the super-continent of Laurasia , after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up. The Hippo's Tale is really the whale's tale. All cetaceans , including whales, dolphins and porpoises, are descendants of land-living mammals of the Artiodactyl order even-toed ungulate animals.
Both cetaceans and artiodactyl are now classified under the super-order Cetartiodactyla which includes both whales and hippos. In fact, whales are the closest living relatives of hippos; they evolved from a common ancestor at around 54 million years ago.